VOLUME 3 STEVEN C.DINERO Settling for Less SPACE & PLACE THE PLANNED RESETTLEMENT OF ISRAEL’S NEGEV BEDOUIN Steven C. Dinero “This is an excellent study of an important and timely topic that is of Bodily, geographic, and relevance not only for the people involved but for the wider areas of architectural sites are Israel and the Arab world. It is a comprehensive detailed description and embedded with cultural analysis of a process of change and transformation that started in 1948 knowledge and social value. The Space and and continues until the present.” Place series provides — Donald AbdAllah Cole, The American University in Cairo Settling forLess ethnographically rich analyses of the cultural “The author is a geographer interested in town planning, who also organization and has a solid grounding in anthropology. Two things make the book meanings of these sites very attractive: that it is totally focused on town planning, and that of space, architecture, the fi eldwork was spread out over a decade which permitted the landscape, and places of the body. author to concentrate on the frequent changes in the plans and in their implementation.” — Emanuel Marx, Tel Aviv University The resettlement of the Negev Bedouin (Israel) has been wrought with controversy since its inception in the 1960s. Presenting evidence from a two-decade period, the author addresses how the changes that took place over the past sixty to seventy years have served the needs and interests of the State rather than those of Bedouin community at large. While town living fostered improvements in social and economic development, numerous unintended consequences jeopardized the success of this planning initiative. As a result, the Bedouin community endured excessive hardship and rapid change, abandoning its nomadic lifestyle and traditions in response to the economic, political, and social pressure from the State and received very little in return. Steven C. Dinero is Associate Professor of Human Geography at Philadelphia University. He has published extensively on such topics SSettlingettling fforor LLessess as community planning and development, gender, identity formation, religion, education, and tourism in post-nomadic environments. His recent work addresses the impacts of globalization and climate THE PLANNED RESETTLEMENT OF change upon indigenous peoples, and the role of new technologies in ISRAEL’S NEGEV BEDOUIN helping such communities respond and adapt to these environmental challenges. STEVEN C. DINERO Cover image: Woman fetching water. Rehes Boqer, Fall 1992. Photograph by the author. ISBNANTHROPOLOGY 978-1-84545-762-4 BerghahnISBN Books 978-1-84545-665-8 SPACE & PLACE NEW YORK . OXFORD www.berghahnbooks.com 9 7 8 1 8 4 5 4 5 7 6 2 4 This open access edition has been made available under a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license thanks to the support of Knowledge Unlatched. Not for resale. S L This open access edition has been made available under a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license thanks to the support of Knowledge Unlatched. Not for resale. Space and Place Bodily, geographic, and architectural sites are embedded with cultural knowledge and social value. Th e Anthropology of Space and Place series provides ethnographically rich analyses of the cultural organization and meanings of these sites of space, architecture, landscape, and places of the body. Contributions to this series will examine the symbolic meanings of space and place, the cultural and historical processes involved in their construction and contestation, and how they are in dialogue with wider political, religious, social, and economic institutions. Volume 1 Berlin, Alexanderplatz: Transforming Place in a Unifi ed Germany Gisa Weszkalnys Volume 2 Cultural Diversity in Russian Cities: Th e Urban Landscape in the post-Soviet Era Edited by Cordula Gdaniec Volume 3 Settling for Less: Th e Planned Resettlement of Israel’s Negev Bedouin Steven C. Dinero This open access edition has been made available under a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license thanks to the support of Knowledge Unlatched. Not for resale. S L Th e Planned Resettlement of Israel’s Negev Bedouin [ • ] Steven C. Dinero Berghahn Books New York • Oxford This open access edition has been made available under a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license thanks to the support of Knowledge Unlatched. Not for resale. First published in 2010 by Berghahn Books www.berghahnbooks.com © 2010, 2019 Steven C. Dinero Open access ebook edition published in 2019 All rights reserved. Except for the quotation of short passages for the purposes of criticism and review, no part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system now known or to be invented, without written permission of the publisher. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Dinero, Steven C. Settling for less : the planned resettlement of Israel’s Negev Bedouin / Steven C. Dinero. p. cm. — (Space and place ; v. 3) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-84545-762-4 (hardback) ISBN 978-1-78920-109-3 (open access ebook) 1. Bedouins—Israel—Segev Shalom. 2. Migration, Internal—Israel—Negev. 3. Planned communities—Israel—Segev Shalom. 4. Segev Shalom (Israel) I. Title. DS119.75.D57 2010 956.94’9—dc22 2010023964 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN: 978-1-84545-762-4 (hardback) ISBN: 978-1-78920-109-3 (open access ebook) An electronic version of this book is freely available thanks to the support of libraries working with Knowledge Unlatched. KU is a collaborative initiative designed to make high quality books Open Access for the public good. More information about the initiative and links to the Open Access version can be found at knowledgeunlatched.org is work is published subject to a Creative Commons Attribution Noncommer- cial No Derivatives 4.0 International license. e terms of the license can be found at https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. For uses beyond those covered in the license contact Berghahn Books. This open access edition has been made available under a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license thanks to the support of Knowledge Unlatched. Not for resale. For Penina This open access edition has been made available under a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license thanks to the support of Knowledge Unlatched. Not for resale. This open access edition has been made available under a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license thanks to the support of Knowledge Unlatched. Not for resale. [ CONTENTS ] List of Figures ix List of Tables x List of Illustrations xi List of Maps xii Preface xiii Acknowledgements xx Note on Arabic and Hebrew Transliteration and Translations xxiv Planning in the Negev Bedouin Sector 1 Segev Shalom—Background and Community Profi le 36 Planning, Service Provision, and Development in Segev Shalom 64 Health and Education 92 Negev Bedouin Identity/ies Development in Segev Shalom 119 Th e Resettled Bedouin Woman 145 Bedouin Tourism Development Planning in the New Economy 166 This open access edition has been made available under a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license thanks to the support of Knowledge Unlatched. Not for resale. viii Contents Segev Shalom—A City on the Edge of Forever? 186 Postscript 205 Bibliography 207 Index 218 This open access edition has been made available under a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license thanks to the support of Knowledge Unlatched. Not for resale. [ FIGURES ] .. Bedouin Town Physical Layout 13 .. Segev Shalom Population Increase 46 .. Percentage of Employed Segev Shalom Residents Who are Working in the Town Itself 76 .. Percent Employed Outside the Home, Segev Shalom Survey Respondents 76 .. Segev Shalom Ownership of Material Goods (%), 1993–2007 77 .. Segev Shalom Residents Raising Livestock, Fruits and Vegetables (%), 1993–2007 78 .. Primary Reasons for Resettling Cited by Segev Shalom Residents (%), 1993–2007 79 .. Percentage of Households Connected to the Local Utilities, 1993–2007 80 .. Segev Shalom Residents Rating the Town Services Highly (%), 1993–2007 81 .. Political Indices, Segev Shalom 1996–2007 and the Pezurah 2007 87 .. Percentage of Survey Respondents Expressing Satisfaction with Healthcare Service Provisions in Segev Shalom (by Survey Year) 104 .. Percentage of High School Graduates in Segev Shalom 109 .. Adult Literacy Rates (%), One or More Languages, Segev Shalom 109 .. Percentage of Adults (M/F) Literate in at Least One Language, Segev Shalom 151 .. Women Accessing Higher Education Vs. Th ose with No Formal Education 151 .. Segev Shalom Residents Employed Outside the Home, Male and Female 152 This open access edition has been made available under a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license thanks to the support of Knowledge Unlatched. Not for resale. [ TABLES ] .. 2007 Segev Shalom Survey Respondents—Descriptive Statistics 72 .. 2007 Social and Economic Indicators: Education and Employment 73 .. 2007 Housing, Utilities and Reasons for Relocation 74 .. Segev Shalom Residents’ Perspectives, 2007 84 .. Identity Labels 129 .. Do You Feel that You Are Treated Equally with Other Israelis? 130 .. Stated Regularity of Mosque Attendance/Religious Participation of Respondent/Family Members 130 .. Segev Shalom Voting Participation 133 .. Is the Present National Government Working for the Social/Economic Interests of the Bedouin Community? 135 .. Expressed Belief that the Islamic Parties Can Help Further the Interests of the Bedouin Community 135 .. “Slum Tours” Th oughoutr the Developing World 172 This open access edition has been made available under a CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license thanks to the support of Knowledge Unlatched. Not for resale. [ ILLUSTRATIONS ] .. Shekhuna Alef—1993 39 .. Shekhuna Bet—1993 40 .. Shekhuna Bet—2007 41 .. Shekhuna 6—2007 42 .. Main Intersection—2007 47 .. Dentist’s Offi ce—2007 47 .. Halal Butcher—2007 48 .. Shwarma Restaurant—2007 48 .. Bakery—2007 49 .. Th e Segev Shalom Kupot Holim in 2007 98 ., .