U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Ground-Water Availability in Part of the Borough of Carroll Valley, Adams County, Pennsylvania, and the Establishment of a Drought-Monitor Well Water-Resources Investigations Report 02-4273 Water-Resources Investigations Report 02-4273 In cooperation with the BOROUGH OF CARROLL VALLEY U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Ground-Water Availability in Part of the Borough of Carroll Valley, Adams County, Pennsylvania, and the Establishment of a Drought-Monitor Well by Dennis J. Low and Randall W. Conger Water-Resources Investigations Report 02-4273 In cooperation with the BOROUGH OF CARROLL VALLEY New Cumberland, Pennsylvania 2002 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR GALE A. NORTON, Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Charles G. Groat, Director For additional information Copies of this report may be write to: purchased from: District Chief U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Geological Survey Branch of Information Services 215 Limekiln Road Box 25286 New Cumberland, Pennsylvania 17070-2424 Denver, Colorado 80225-0286 Email: [email protected] Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS Internet address: http://pa.water.usgs.gov ii CONTENTS Page Abstract . 1 Introduction . 2 Purpose and scope . 2 Acknowledgments . 2 Previous work . 5 Description of study area. 5 Methods of investigation. 7 Ground-water availability . 8 Characteristics of a bedrock well . 9 Casing length . 11 Well depth . 11 Water-producing zones . 13 Discharge . 18 Yield. 18 Specific capacity . 20 Ground-water flow and recharge. 20 Water levels . 24 Bedrock water-budget . 31 Sources of possible anthropogenic recharge . 32 Establishment of a drought-monitor well. 36 Pennsylvania drought monitor network. 36 Borough of Carroll Valley observation-well network and drought-monitor well . 37 Summary and conclusions . 39 Selected references . 40 Appendix A—Hydraulic conductivity and transmissivity . 64 Appendix B—Borehole geophysical logs . 66 Appendix C—Source and significance of selected indicators of ground-water quality . 74 Appendix D—Results of analyses for wastewater compounds, endocrine-disrupting potential, and possible compound uses . 75 iii ILLUSTRATIONS Page Figures 1-2. Maps showing: 1. Location of study area, surrounding counties, physiographic provinces and sections, selected population centers, major streams, and county observation wells. .3 2. Locations of inventoried wells and springs and bedrock geology, Borough of Carroll Valley, Adams County, Pa. 4 3. Diagram showing topographic, hydrologic, and geologic features, Borough of Carroll Valley, Adams County, Pa. 8 4. Sketch showing the cross-section of a bedrock well . 10 5. Map showing depth to bedrock, Borough of Carroll Valley, Adams County, Pa. 12 6-9. Graphs showing: 6. Number and density of water-producing zones per 50 feet of well depth in the Loudoun Formation, Borough of Carroll Valley, Adams County, Pa.. 14 7. Number and density of water-producing zones per 50 feet of well depth in the metabasalt, Borough of Carroll Valley, Adams County, Pa. 15 8. Number and density of water-producing zones per 50 feet of well depth in the metarhyolite, Borough of Carroll Valley, Adams County, Pa. 16 9. Number and density of water-producing zones per 50 feet of well depth in the greenstone schist, Borough of Carroll Valley, Adams County, Pa. 17 10-11. Maps showing: 10. Spatial distribution of driller reported yields in gallons per minute, Borough of Carroll Valley, Adams County, Pa. 19 11. Spatial distribution of specific capacities in gallons per minute per foot of drawdown, Borough of Carroll Valley, Adams County, Pa. 21 12-13. Diagrams showing: 12. Annual hydrologic cycle for Pennsylvania . 22 13. Classification of subsurface water. 23 14. Hydrogeologic cross-section from Jack’s Mountain east to Pennsylvania Route 116, Borough of Carroll Valley, Adams County, Pa. 24 15. Graphs showing well-bore flow in wells AD-836 and AD-774 under nonpumping and pumping conditions, Borough of Carroll Valley, Adams County, Pa.. 25 iv ILLLUSTRATIONS—Continued Page Figures 16-18. Graphs showing precipitation and water levels in wells: 16. AD-831, AD-832, and AD-846 . 26 17. AD-837 and AD-839 . 27 18. AD-788. 27 19-20. Maps showing: 19. Potentiometric surface for November 14, 2000, Borough of Carroll Valley, Adams County, Pa. 29 20. Potentiometric surface for August 15, 2001, Borough of Carroll Valley, Adams County, Pa. 30 21-25. Graphs showing: 21. Binary mixing curves for chloride to bromide (Cl:Br) ratios, Borough of Carroll Valley, Adams County, Pa. 35 22. Normal monthly precipitation for South Mountain (1960-90) and monthly precipitation for Borough of Carroll Valley, Adams County, Pa. (2001) . 36 23. Daily water levels in well AD-808, Borough of Carroll Valley, Adams County, Pa. 36 24. Relation between water levels in Borough of Carroll Valley, Adams County, Pa., well AD-808 and Cumberland County, Pa., observation well CU-2 . 38 25. Drought-warning levels for well AD-808, Borough of Carroll Valley,Adams County, Pa. 38 B1-B2. Graphs showing lithology and borehole geophysical logs and direction of nonpumping flow within boreholes, Borough of Carroll Valley, Adams County, Pa.: B1. AD-774 collected on January 16, 2002, Section B . 69 B2. AD-808 collected on January 29, 2002, Section P . 71 B3. Graph showing lithology and borehole geophysical logs and direction of nonpumping and pumping flow within borehole AD-836 collected on January 10, 2002, Section WA, Borough of Carroll Valley, Adams County, Pa. 73 v TABLES Page Table 1. Geohydrologic-stratigraphic column, Borough of Carroll Valley, Adams County, Pa.. 6 2. Change, over time, in well depth, yield, and specific capacity, Borough of Carroll Valley, Adams County, Pa. 33 3. Results of analyses for nitrate, coliform, chloride,.