THE tat THE statUs aNd dIstrIBUtION OF s U Freshwater BIOdIversIty IN MadagasCar s a N aNd the INdIaN OCeaN IslaNds hOtspOt d d I s Edited by Laura Máiz-Tomé, Catherine Sayer and William Darwall tr IUCN Freshwater Biodiversity Unit, Global Species Programme I BU t I ON OF F OF ON r eshwater s N d a BIO r I N d I a ve d rs C N I t la y IN Madagas IN s I N C a a the I the r a r N e d d the I the C N N d a Madagas O I a N O C e a N I s la N IUCN d s h s Rue Mauverney 28 CH-1196 Gland O Switzerland t Tel: + 41 22 999 0000 sp Fax: + 41 22 999 0015 O www.iucn.org/redlist t the IUCN red list of threatened speciestM www.iucnredlist.org Madagascar Covers.indd 1 07/02/2018 16:56:06 THE STATUS AND DISTRIBUTION OF FRESHwATER BIODIvERSITy IN MADAgAScAR AND THE INDIAN OcEAN ISlANDS HOTSpOT Edited by Laura Máiz-Tomé, Catherine Sayer and William Darwall IUCN Freshwater Biodiversity Unit, Global Species Programme Madagascar Report Prelims.indd 1 07/02/2018 16:47:59 The designation of geographical entities in this book, and the presentation of the material, do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IUCN concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reflect those of IUCN, or other participating organisations. This publication has been made possible by funding from The Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund. Published by: IUCN Cambridge, UK in collaboration with IUCN Gland, Switzerland Copyright: © 2018 IUCN, International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Reproduction of this publication for educational or other non-commercial purposes is authorised without prior written permission from the copyright holder provided the source is fully acknowledged. Reproduction of this publication for resale or other commercial purposes is prohibited without prior written permission of the copyright holder. Citation: Máiz-Tomé, L., Sayer, C. and Darwall, W. (eds) (2018). The status and distribution of freshwater biodiversity in Madagascar and the Indian Ocean islands hotspot. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. viii+128pp. ISBN: 978-2-8317-1881-1 (print version) 978-2-8317-1882-8 (PDF) DOI: 10.2305/IUCN.CH.2018.RA.1.en Cover photo: Malagasya antongilensis. © Rob Schell Photography All the photographs used in this publication remain the property of the original copyright holder (see individual captions for details). Photographs should not be reproduced or used in other contexts without written permission from the copyright holder. Layout by: NatureBureau https://www.naturebureau.co.uk/ Printed by: Langham Press Ltd The text of this book is printed on Cocoon FSC 50% Recycled Silk 115 gsm. Available from: IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) Global Species Programme Rue Mauverney 28 1196 Gland Switzerland Tel +41 22 999 0000 Fax +41 22 999 0002 www.iucn.org/resources/publications https://www.iucn.org/theme/species/our-work/freshwater-biodiversity If you have any questions regarding the data and outputs presented in this report, please contact the IUCN Freshwater Biodiversity Unit ([email protected]). ii Madagascar Report Prelims.indd 2 07/02/2018 16:47:59 Contents Acknowledgements .............................................................v Chapter 4 The status and distribution of Executive summary ............................................................vi freshwater molluscs ........................................................29 4.1 Overview of freshwater molluscs of Madagascar Chapter 1 Madagascar and the Indian Ocean islands and the Indian Ocean islands hotspot .......................29 biodiversity hotspot ...........................................................1 4.2 Patterns of overall species richness ...........................31 1.1 Situation analysis ..........................................................1 4.3 Conservation status ....................................................33 1.1.1 The value of freshwater wetlands and 4.3.1 Threatened species ............................................34 their biodiversity ....................................................1 4.3.2 Data Deficient species .......................................36 1.1.2 Main threats to freshwater species ......................1 4.4 Main threats ................................................................36 1.2 Objectives of this study ................................................2 4.5 Conservation recommendations ................................37 1.3 Project components......................................................3 4.6 Research actions ........................................................39 1.4 Freshwater species as indicators .................................3 4.7 Species in the spotlight ..............................................38 1.5 Madagascar freshwater ecoregions .............................3 4.8 References ..................................................................39 1.6 References ....................................................................3 Annex 4.1 Red List status of freshwater molluscs .............41 Chapter 2 Red List assessment methodology ...............7 Chapter 5 The status and distribution of freshwater 2.1 Selection of priority taxa ...............................................7 decapod crustaceans ......................................................42 2.1.1 Fishes ....................................................................7 5.1 Overview of freshwater decapods of Madagascar 2.1.2 Molluscs ................................................................7 and the Indian Ocean islands hotspot .......................42 2.1.3 Aquatic plants .......................................................8 5.2 Patterns of overall species richness ............................42 2.1.4 Odonata ................................................................8 5.2.1 Freshwater crabs ................................................42 2.1.5 Decapods (crabs, crayfishes and shrimps) .........8 5.2.2 Freshwater crayfish ............................................45 2.2 Data collection and quality control ...............................8 5.2.3 Freshwater shrimps ...........................................47 2.3 Species mapping ..........................................................8 5.3 Conservation status ....................................................47 2.4 Assessment of species threatened status ...................9 5.3.1 Threatened species ............................................47 2.5 References ..................................................................10 5.3.2 Data Deficient species .......................................49 5.4 Main threats ................................................................51 5.5 Conservation recommendations ................................53 PART 1 SPECIES OF IMPORTANCE 5.6 Research actions ........................................................54 FOR CONSERVATION 5.7 Species in the spotlight ..............................................56 5.8 References ..................................................................55 Chapter 3 The status and distribution of Annex 5.1 Red List Status of freshwater crabs ..................58 freshwater fishes ...............................................................13 Annex 5.2 Red List Status of freshwater crayfish ..............58 3.1 Overview of the ichthyofauna of Madagascar and Annex 5.3 Red List Status of freshwater shrimps..............58 the Indian Ocean islands hotspot ...............................13 3.2 Patterns of overall species richness ...........................14 Chapter 6 The status and distribution of 3.3 Conservation status ....................................................17 aquatic plants ...................................................................59 3.3.1 Threatened species ............................................17 6.1 Overview of aquatic plants of Madagascar................59 3.3.2 Data Deficient species .......................................19 6.2 Patterns of overall species richness ...........................60 3.3.3 Red List Index ....................................................19 6.3 Conservation status ....................................................61 3.4 Main threats ................................................................20 6.3.1 Threatened species ............................................63 3.5 Conservation recommendations ................................23 6.3.2 Data Deficient species .......................................64 3.6 Research actions ........................................................24 6.4 Main threats ................................................................64 3.7 Species in the spotlight ..............................................24 6.5 Conservation recommendations ................................68 3.8 References ..................................................................25 6.6 Research actions ........................................................68 Annex 3.1 Red List status of freshwater fishes ..................27 6.7 References ..................................................................69 iii Madagascar Report Prelims.indd 3 07/02/2018 16:47:59 Annex 6.1 Family name inconsistencies between the PART 2 SITES OF IMPORTANCE FOR IUCN Red List website and the APG IV system FRESHWATER SPECIES relevant for the Madagascar aquatic plant dataset .....71 Annex 6.2 Fern families