DIPANAGARA (1787?-1855) Ann Kumar Dipanagara is too well known to students of Indonesian history to need introduction. Yet in spite of the amount of attention he has received, a certain cloud of ambiguity seems to hang about the man and his motives. Thus, de Klerck, who completed Louw's work De Java- oorlog1 has written: "Dipa Negara had counted upon his accession. He was therefore bitterly disappointed, and as disappointment is often synonymous with shame in the minds of natives, it sometimes leads to despair and even to crime. This was to be the case with Dipa Negara. "2 Elsewhere, however, de Klerck has claimed: "There is not a stitch of evidence to prove his dissatisfaction with the course of events, nor did he make any appeal to the Government. He seemed to have a real preference for a life of retirement, in which he could devote himself to meditation."3 4 This inconsistency is perhaps an extreme example, but it does illustrate well the lack of any definitive interpretation of this period and its personalities. But answering the unresolved questions will be a formidable task in view of the enormous amount of material to be examined. The quantity of Dutch-language material is evident from Louw's magnum opus, and the number of Javanese works dealing with the events of the period can be seen in Pigeaud's Literature of Java.1* Louw does use both Javanese and Dutch material, but a more detailed comparison of the differences between the main Javanese accounts would certainly be interesting. The two best-known Javanese accounts of the period are the so- called Buku Kedung Kebo, written by the Regent of Purwaredja, Tjakranagara, who fought on the side of the Dutch government against Dipanagara in the Java War,5 6 and Dipanagara's own account, written in Menado (Minahassa) during his exile. Louw uses this autobiographi­ cal Babad Dipanagara, sections of which he translates in their entirety, with other passages paraphrased and parts he regards as unimportant omitted. He also makes occasional references to the Buku Ked,ung Kedo (which he refers to as the Babad Tjakranegara). 1. P.J.F. Louw, De Java-oorlog, 6 vols. (Batavia: Landsdrukkerij, 1894-1909). 2. E.S. de Klerck, History of the Netherlands East Indies, (Rotterdam: W.L. § J. Brusse, 1938), 11 , p . VT. 3. Ibid., p . 157. 4. Th. Pigeaud, Literature of Java, 3 vols. (The Hague: M. Nijhoff, 1967-1970). 5. See Pigeaud, Literature of Java, I, pp. 167-168, and II, pp. 35, 78 and 869. 6. Ibid., I, pp. 167-168, and II, p. 392. 69 70 The extract translated here is from the autobiographical Babad Dipanagara, for which I have used a text printed (in the Javanese script) by Albert Rusche of Surakarta in 1917.7 It is obviously very close to the text paraphrased by Louw, and I have found his work very useful. Most of the differences between these texts are minor but some are significant: for example, in Louw's text Dipanagara's father is shown to favor the succession of his younger son, while in the printed text this preference is not clear.8 Probably the greatest difficulty in understanding the events described in this extract is that our interpretation of Dipanagara's motives and reactions is dependent upon the interpretation of a series of prior events, which in turn hinges upon some rather dis­ putable factors--sometimes upon text readings, and sometimes upon the implications which may be read into the text. For example, Louw sees in Dipanagara's description of the conflict between his father and his grandfather indications that Dipanagara himself was attempting to manipulate the course of events to ensure his own succession. However, not everyone would agree with this interpretation, and Louw's rationalization of Dipanagara's attitude at successive stages,9 based on considerations of Javanese adat, is not entirely convincing. Nor is it only the Javanese sources which present difficulties. One of the most important factors in assessing Dipanagara's motives is the promise said to have been made to him by Raffles, and this re­ mains problematic because of the lack of concrete evidence.10 A brief resum? of the main events of Dipanagara's life before the events described in the extract may be useful. In about 1787, the grandson of the first Sultan of Jogjakarta, Amangkubuwana I (Sultan Swargi) had a son by a wife of lower rank. This son, Dipanagara, was largely brought up under the care of his great­ grandmother, the Sultan's wife, who bore the title Ratu Ageng. When his grandfather, Amangkubuwana II (Sultan Sepuh), succeeded to the throne in 1792, the Ratu Ageng and Dipanagara lived at Tegalredja, northwest of Jogjakarta in the Magelang region. Here, under the Ratu Ageng's guidance Dipanagara first became seriously concerned with religion, a concern which was to remain with him and acquire a mystical character. In 1810, Amangkubuwana II incurred the dis­ favor of Daendels (Governor-General of Java, 1808-1811) to such an extent that he was deposed in favor of his son, Amangkubuwana III (Kangdjeng Radja), Dipanagara's father. When, however, the Dutch government lost Java to the English, Amangkubuwana II took the opportunity to resume the reins of government, and in fact went so far as to have his Patih, Danuredja (II), put to death for having countenanced this deposition. Dipanagara's father remained heir- apparent, but Amangkubuwana II hoped to replace him in this position by a more favored son, Mangkudiningrat. This gives some indication of the atmosphere of Jogjakarta at the time of Raffles' arrival on December 27, 1811. Raffles accepted Amangkubuwana II's resumption 7. It was apparently first printed in 1909. Ibid., II, p. 392. 8. Cf. Louw, De Java-oorlog, I, p. 103 and Babad Diponagoro, (Surakarta: Albert Rusche, 1917), I, p. 27. 9. Louw, De Java-oorlog, I, pp. 109-112. 10. See footnote 52 of the translated text. 71 of the throne, and a treaty was concluded between Jogjakarta and the British government. The treaty, however, was soon broken, and in June 1812 General Gillespie marched on the kraton. Amangkubuwana II was deposed for the second time and exiled to Penang. Dipanagara's father was restored. In November 1814, Amangkubuwana III died. He was succeeded not by his elder son, Dipanagara, but by the thirteen year-old Mas Ambjah, whose mother was the Sultan's queen. He became Sultan Amangkubuwana IV (Sultan Djarot!. This succession was in accordance with established custom: in the Babad} Dipanagara says that the English (specifically "Djan Kerapet," that is, the Resident of Jogjakarta, John Crawfurd) had offered to make him heir-apparent when they restored his father, but that he refused on account of Mas Ambjah's stronger claim.11 However, there is enough evidence to suggest that Dipanagara had been promised the throne if his brother died while still a minor or after having conducted himself improperly. Amangkubuwana IV did in fact die while still a minor in 1822; however, he was succeeded not by Dipanagara but by his three year- old son, under a Regency council, of which Dipanagara was a member. The explanation usually given for this succession is that the restored Dutch government was ignorant of any promise made during the British interregnum, as well they might have been, since both Dipanagara and a Dutch contemporary assert that the relevant document was burnt by those whose interests ran counter to his. It appears, however, that Dipanagara, himself, could have made no effort to inform the Dutch of this promise. Three years later Dipanagara broke completely with the government of Jogjakarta and the Java War began. The Text The following extract consists of a short piece on his youthful religious life (pp. 1-5 of the printed text) and a much longer section covering the period from the accession to the throne of Amangkubuwana IV up until the opening scene of the war (pp. 79-112 of the printed text). The intervening passage, though interesting, has been omitted because of its length. It describes the following events: the arrival of Daendels at Jogjakarta (p. 6); the revolt of Raden Rangga Prawiradirdja of Madiun (to p. 10); Daendels' replacement of Amangkubuwana II (Sultan Sepuh) by by his son (Kangdjeng Radja) (p. 11); the arrival of Raffles and defeat of the Dutch under Janssens (p. 12); the execution of the Patih, Danuredja (II), on the orders of Sultan Sepuh (p. 13); the abdication of Kangdjeng Radja, on the advice of his son Dipanagara, in favor of Sultan Sepuh (pp. 19-22); further moves against Dipanagara's father (p. 24); negotiations with the English Resident, John Crawfurd, on his behalf (p. 28); 11. Babad Diponagoro, p. 38. 72 Raffles' arrival at Jogjakarta (p. 29); Sultan Sepuh's decision to seek an alliance with Surakarta against the English (p. 32); Raffles' decision to depose Sepuh and replace him by Kangdjeng Radja (p. 37); Dipanagara's refusal to become his father's heir-apparent, on account of the prior claim of his younger half- brother, Mas Ambjah (p. 38); the signing of the agreements with Raffles (pp. 41-42); the English attack on the kraton (pp. 43-49); the installation of Kangdjeng Radja as Sultan, with Mas Ambjah as Crown Prince (p. 53); the marriage of Dipanagara, which took place five years after the above events and forms rather a nice vignette (pp. 63-75) ; the death of the Sultan, leaving Dipanagara to care for Mas Ambjah, who is to succeed (pp. 76-77); the circumcision and marriage of the young Sultan (Amangkubu- wana IV), the account of the former presenting an inter­ esting sidelight on the Resident's life at Jogjakarta (p.