Observing Kenya’s March 2013 National Elections Final Report Waging Peace. Fighting Disease. Building Hope. The Carter Center strives to relieve suffering by advancing peace and health worldwide; it seeks to prevent and resolve conflicts, enhance freedom and democracy, and protect and promote human rights worldwide. Observing Kenya’s March 2013 National Elections Final Report One Copenhill 453 Freedom Parkway Atlanta, GA 30307 (404) 420-5188 Fax (404) 420-5196 www.cartercenter.org The Carter Center e 36° 37° 38° 39° 40° Guenal 41° 42° Negēlē SOUTH Konso SUDAN Administrative 5° Boundary 5° Yabelo KENYA Houdat D Kelem aw a Ch'ew Bahir Todenyang ETHIOPIA Banya Sabarei Lokichokio Mega Dolo Odo Sibiloi National Park 4 4 ° Lake Turkana Banissa ° Ramu Mandera Kakuma (Lake Rudolf) Kaabong Lokwa Kangole Central I. Central Island N. P. Moyale Takaba North Horr Lodwar 3 3 ° l ° e El Wak w Buna k Loiyangalani El Beru Hagia r u South I. T Moroto South Island N. P. Lokichar Marsabit Marsabit National Park UGANDA Tarbaj 2° Lokori EASTERN Girito 2° South Turkana Nat. Reserve L. Bisinga Baragoi Wajir L. Oputa Losai National Reserve m a Laisamis u S RIFT VALLEY L aga B o r Tot Mbale Mount Elgon N. P. Maralal Game Sanctuary Maralal Log Dif 1 Kitale o a 1 ° ir Habaswein Bo ° Archer's g' g Kisima a SOMALIA Post o N l Lorule Ewas Tororo WESTERN L. Baringo Mado Gashi Webuye Eldoret Busia Marigat Shaba Nat. Res. NORTH- Kinna Liboi Butere Kakamega Nyahururu Isiolo EASTERN Bisanadi a (Thomson's Falls) Meru er Bilis Qooqaani Nanyuki Nat. Res. Rahole Nat. Lak D Meru Nat. Reserve Solai Hagadera L 0° Kisumu Mt. Kenya Park 0° a Londiani 5199 m k T e Nakuru Mt. Kenya Nat. Park North Kora National a na Aberdares Kericho Molo Kitui Reserve Nyeri N. P. Mfangano I. Nat. Garissa V Homa Bay Gilgil Res. i CENTRAL Embu c Kisii t Naivasha o NYANZA Murang'a r L. Naivasha Nguni i a Masinga 1 Thika Mwingi 1 ° Migori Narok Reservoir Bura ° NAIROBI Kolbio Buur Gaabo AREA Arawale Nat. Res. Nairobi Kitui Hola Kaambooni Musoma Masai Mara Nat. Res. Machakos Boni Nat. Res. A t h Tana River Primate Nat. Res. i L. Magadi Kajiado South Kitui Nat. Res. Dodori Nat. Res. Magadi Sultan-Hamud 2° 2° KENYA Garsen Lamu Pate I. Lake Kibwezi Lamu I. Manda I. Natron Namanga Amboseli Nat. Park COAST L. Amboseli Mtito Andei Tsavo East National Park Ungama Bay Tsavo 3° Kilimanjaro Galana 3° 5895 m Tsavo Tsavo West Malindi Moshi Nat.Park Arusha Voi National capital Taveta Provincional capital Kilifi INDIAN Nyumba Ya Mungi Town, village Reservoir Mariakanii OCEAN Airport 4° Same 4° International boundary Mombasa Shimba Hills Nat. Park Provincional boundary Main road The boundaries and names shown and the designations Secondary road UNITED used on this map do not imply official endorsement or Moa acceptance by the United Nations. Other road or track REPUBLIC OF 5° Railroad TANZANIA Wete 0 50 100 150 5° Tanga Korogwe 0 25 50 75 100 mi 34° 35° 36° 37° 38° 39° Pemba I. 40° 41° 42° Map No. 4187 Rev. 3 UNITED NATIONS Department of Field Support December 2011 Cartographic Section The Carter Center Contents Foreword ..................................3 The Media ..............................41 Executive Summary .........................5 Civil Society .............................42 Key Findings and Recommendations ............6 Summary Findings ........................42 The Carter Center in Kenya .................12 Election Day, Voting, and Vote Counting......44 Election Observation Methodology ............12 Voting Materials ..........................44 Polling Station Locations ...................44 Historical and Political Background ...........15 Voting Process ...........................45 The Role of Ethnicity ......................15 Closing and Counting ......................47 Politics of Land ..........................16 Summary Findings ........................49 Election Crisis of 2007 .....................16 Politics of Secession .......................17 Postelection Developments ..................51 Tabulation of Results ......................51 Electoral Institutions and the Framework for the Elections . .19 Challenges in Tabulation ...................52 The Constitution .........................19 Presidential and Legislative Elections Results .....56 Legal Framework for Elections ...............20 Women’s Representation ...................56 Electoral System ..........................23 County Election Results ....................57 Election Management ......................24 Summary Findings ........................57 Boundary Delimitation .....................26 Electoral Dispute Resolution.................60 Summary Findings ........................27 Electoral Offenses and Judicial Responses .......61 Pre-election Developments ..................28 Presidential Election Dispute Resolution ........62 Voter Registration .........................28 Summary Findings ........................64 Voter Education ..........................29 Special Topics .............................65 Summary Findings ........................30 Electoral Violence .........................65 Candidates, Parties, and Campaigns ...........32 Postelection Violence and Fear of Escalation .....66 Party Primaries ..........................32 Conclusions and Recommendations . .68 Primaries Dispute Resolution Mechanism .......34 Conclusions .............................68 Political Parties, Coalitions, and Candidates .....35 Recommendations .........................72 Criteria to Stand for Elections ...............36 Appendix A: Acknowledgments ..............76 Participation of Women ....................36 Appendix B: The Carter Center Observation Key Presidential Candidates .................37 Delegation and Staff ........................77 Campaign Environment ....................38 Appendix C: Terms and Abbreviations ........79 Campaign Finance ........................39 Appendix D: Statements . 80 Participation of Women, Minorities, and Marginalized Groups ......................40 Appendix E: Deployment Plan ..............115 The Carter Center Observing Kenya’s March 2013 National Elections Appendix F: Checklists . 117 Appendix J: The Carter Center Framework for Assessment of Elections Based on International Appendix G: Letter of Invitation ............124 Obligations for Democratic Elections .........135 Appendix H: Election Statistics .............126 The Carter Center at a Glance ..............139 Appendix I: Party and Coalition Seats........133 2 The Carter Center Foreword By Dr. John Stremlau candidates ran for office, and there were numerous Vice President for Peace Programs, The Carter Center upsets that suggest public restiveness with the status quo, with new voting patterns yet to be analyzed. eace prevailed throughout Kenya’s 2013 elec- Kenya’s mainstream independent print, tion cycle, protected by a national determina- radio, and TV media sustained round-the-clock tion to avoid the personal tragedies and public P coverage in the best spirit of public education humiliation of the violence that erupted following the broadcasting — explaining what was happening at release of disputed election results in 2007. Although every stage in what amounted to a national civics the 2013 elections were intensely competitive, politi- course — all the while calling for patience, peace, cal leaders of all major factions and their followers and national unity. Religious leaders and those from demonstrated a collective self-restraint to ensure that business, universities, and civil society joined the the process remained peaceful and in accord with the campaign with interpretive interviews. provisions of a new constitution. The fundamental question this election raises is The Carter Center mission to observe the March whether the election will reinforce archaic ethnic 4, 2013, voting began in mid-January and continued nationalism or mark a turning point toward the civil through late April until the final results were released nationalism so essential for sustaining democratic and challenges decided. On election day, the Center development and curbing the cancer of corruption. had 52 trained observers from 27 nations deployed Voting patterns suggest that the ethnic patterns across all provinces of the country. Our findings are evident in the 11 elections in the 50 years since detailed in this report. independence persist. The former president of Zambia, the Honorable The new president, Uhuru Kenyatta, is of the Rupiah Banda, provided his wise counsel and leader- largest and historically most powerful Kikuyu ethnic ship for this mission, which was managed by Carter faction, which has dominated Kenyan politics since Center Associate Director Dr. David Pottie, with the country’s founding. Kenyatta is the country’s the support of Kenya Field Office Director Stéphane fourth president and the third Kikuyu following Mondon and their staffs. The Center is also grateful his father, Jomo, and the incumbent, Mwai Kibaki. to the citizens of the United States, Norway, and the Daniel arap Moi, the only exception, is from United Kingdom for their financial support to this Kenya’s second largest ethnic group, the Kalenjin, election observation mission. as is Kenyatta’s vice president, William Ruto. The The 2013 elections posed an array of new chal- 2007 conflict was primarily between the Kenyatta lenges for Kenyan electoral authorities and voters. and Kalenjin factions, with both men subsequently Constitutional and electoral system reforms were indicted by the International Criminal Court for their intended to encourage greater