Swift: Peculiar Supporter of Female Writers by Robert N. Gamache A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Department of English College of Arts and Sciences University of South Florida Major Professor: Pat Rogers, Ph.D. Regina Hewitt, Ph.D. Laura Runge, Ph.D. Date of Approval January 20, 2009 Keywords: Eighteenth Century, Manley, Barber, Pilkington © Copyright 2009, Robert. N. Gamache Table of Contents Introduction: Swift: Peculiar Supporter of Female Writers 1 Delariviere Manley (1663 or c. 1670 – 1724) 5 Mary Barber (1685–1755) 12 Laetitia Pilkington (1706-1750) 20 Conclusion 29 Bibliography and Works Cited 31 i Introduction: Swift: Peculiar Supporter of Female Writers Jonathan Swift (1667-1745) is not traditionally known for valuing the company of women. While contemporary critics tend to be more forgiving and defer to the prevailing values of the eighteenth century, they generally do not dwell on the positive influence that Swift had on female writers of his day. This thesis will work towards remedying that omission by analyzing the writing of three prominent female contemporaries of Swift: Delariviere Manley, Mary Barber and Laetitia Pilkington. While varying in writing ability, each of the three women in this thesis had a personal relationship with Swift, was invited to join his “inner circle” for a time and received his advice on a variety of issues. Despite substantial analysis to the contrary, this thesis will emphasize the positive impact that Swift had on women writers of his day. While surely influenced by the mores of his time that relegated female writing to the “lower rungs” of literature, Swift nevertheless sought women out, reviewed their work and offered his suggestions and insights; indeed, he “provided a constant model and stimulus for women writers who…found themselves [like Swift]…in a position of subjugation and supposed docility when they would rather speak out and vex the world a little as well as divert it” (Doody, “Swift” 92). Ever the keen social observer, Swift often expressed his doubts about the capabilities of the female mind through the veil of satire or by employing alternate literary voices. However, the Dean’s ridicule does not mean that he was merely an insensitive misogynist. Despite the opinion of some critics, Swift was concerned with the development of the female mind, and dedicated much of his life 1 to nurturing it; he further explains that while he “ever hated all Nations, Professions, and Communities; [he did profess] love towards Individuals…” (Swift, Writings 634). Thus, while certain aspects of human behavior troubled him deeply, he was nevertheless able and willing to support and befriend individual acquaintances (particularly females), lending them both personal and literary advice. Therefore, rather than bow to the prevailing societal pressures that kept women writers at arm’s length, Swift welcomed female companionship, and helped them to become effective literary voices. The template that he advocated, however, was from the “male” perspective, as he encouraged his female protégées to emulate “traditional” masculine behaviors in both their personal and literary endeavors (Barnett 161). Furthermore, Elias notes that Swift believed “women have just as much intellectual force and character as men and are just as capable, without special help, of shaking off their mind-forged manacles themselves” (“Introduction” 2: 417). While one can understand why feminists have traditionally taken issue with the Dean, it is clear that he believed women were capable of bettering themselves, particularly if they resisted society’s pressure to be more concerned with their outward appearance than the development of their mind. One must also note that both Manley and Pilkington fell victim to the mistreatment and abandonment of men, but nevertheless were able to channel their vengeance into creating significant works that addressed this abuse. Thus, while each of these writers certainly would have succeeded without his assistance, this thesis will offer evidence to support the notion that Swift’s support helped them thrive in a male- dominated profession. Therefore, this thesis focuses on three prominent female writers who benefited 2 from the Dean’s friendship and advice: Delariviere Manley (best known for her influential New Atalantis) , Mary Barber (focusing primarily on her Poems on Several Occasions), and Laetitia Pilkington (notably through her groundbreaking The Memoirs of Laetitia Pilkington ). While each writer wrote in a distinctive manner and possessed different public personas, Manley was perhaps the most talented of the three; in fact, many critics regard her as Swift’s peer rather than simply a follower. Indeed, they were both concerned with many of the same issues, including dissatisfaction with those in power, a desire to satirically comment on the issues of the day and general disdain for the deficiencies of mankind. In contrast, while perhaps not as confident of her ability to succeed as a published female writer, Barber frequently employed the voices of others, including her son, Constantine. However, rather than attempt to challenge the prevailing norms that discouraged women from publishing, she chose to focus on subject areas that would cause less controversy, such as domestic issues. She also occasionally wrote for others who were less skilled at crafting persuasive written arguments. Finally, although not generally regarded as talented or as versatile as Manley or as thoughtful as Barber, Pilkington achieved her success by writing about the personal behaviors of public figures, particularly those of her mentor, Dean Swift. Critics believe that she was able to shed light on the “real” man hidden behind the public facade, while also providing details about her own life and that of numerous public figures. Unlike many contemporaries (including Swift) who occasionally used pseudonyms to facilitate their ability to speak freely, Pilkington’s most popular works were based on actual encounters; she had little use for fictional characters and situations that merely hinted at 3 the actions and motivations of others. While Swift would certainly not have approved of her tendency to reveal personal details of his life - her Memoirs were published shortly after his death - she documented his behavior with friends and acquaintances with a degree of candor that was a significant departure for its time (particularly from a female perspective) and helped pave the way for the notorious tabloids that continue to be prevalent to the present day. Thus, this thesis will conclude with a focus on Pilkington and the lasting impact that she has had on the legacy of Swift, as evidenced primarily though her three-volume Memoirs . A primary influence for this thesis is the seminal work of Margaret Anne Doody. Her scholarship sheds light on Swift’s positive influence on his female companions, as evidenced in numerous essays, including her essential “Swift among the Women” (1998). In this work, Doody offers evidence to support the Dean’s concern for his female followers); indeed, Swift’s followers were inspired by his “energy, pungency and pointedness” (often in the form or teasing and ridicule), behavior that was intended to produce literature that shared his concern for social issues and personal behaviors (Doody, “Swift” 79). This analysis will support her work and clarify the vital role that Swift played in the development of eighteenth century female writers. 4 Delariviere Manley (1663 or c. 1670 – 1724) Delariviere Manley - Köster suggests that her first name most likely in homage to Lady Delariviere Morgan (v) - is perhaps most outwardly similar to her mentor; both are skeptical of the underlying motivations of others and use satire to lash out at those who they believe abuse the public trust. Their similarities made it difficult for critics to distinguish between Manley’s work and her mentor, particularly when they jointly authored the Tory pamphlet The Examiner ; she eventually succeeded him as principal writer (Rabb, “Manl(e)y,” 126). In fact, preliminary computer studies indicate that Manley has some “quantitative resemblance” to the Dean (Köster xxii). Much like Swift, she also writes in a variety of literary modes (pamphlets, articles, novels, etc.), and at times includes situations of inappropriate male and female behavior. Manley was the third child of career military officer Sir Roger Manley; her mother died when she was quite young. She was exposed to writing from an early age, as her father wrote several articles concerning warfare. After her mother’s death, the three sisters and one brother were raised by governesses. Her brother followed his father’s footsteps by pursuing a naval career, while the girls became romantically involved with men from the service. Indeed, her sister Mary Elizabeth eventually married a captain, while Manley was involved with Ensign James Carlisle, who was also active as an actor, playwright and author. Both Manley and Pilkington (as detailed later in this thesis) were subject to the manipulation of men. Upon the death of her father after the revolution, Manley and her 5 sister Cornelia were left to the “care” of her father’s nephew, John Manley. Although her father had treated him like a son, John “married” Delariviere under false pretenses, got her pregnant and forced her to live in a state of depressed seclusion in London for several years; he eventually left her to rejoin his legal wife in hopes of a promising business opportunity. Forced to fend for herself, Manley took several short-term opportunities, including serving as an aide to the aging Duchess of Cleveland. Upon her dismissal, she published several works, including Letters , The Lost Lover and The Royal Mischief . Köster notes that after achieving modest success, she became the mistress of lawyer John Tilly, deputy warden of Fleet Prison, who, much like John Manley before him, ultimately left her to marry a rich widow (viii). Similar to Swift, her writing at times included a variety of controversial subjects such as adultery and sexual activity.