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Xerox University Microfilms 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 77-2343 BATHORY, Michael James, 1944- THE SEARCH FOR COMMUNITY IN AMERICA: THE ROLE OF THE COUNSELOR-EDUCATOR. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1976 Education, guidance and counseling Xerox University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 © Copyright by Michael James Bathory 1976 THE SEARCH FOR COMMUNITY IN AMERICA: THE ROLE OF THE COUNSELOR-EDUCATOR DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Michael James Bathory, B.A., M*A* $ £ if. * * sfc $ if: * * * The Ohio State University 1976 Reading Committee: Approved By LUCIX* V • Adviser Joseph, TJ • Quaranta College of Education Donald J. -Tosi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my appreciation to my adviser, Professor Herman J. Peters, for his encouragement and the freedom to undertake a dissertation of this nature# Both he and his wife provided me with a personalized graduate school experience that defies all the cliches about the anonymity of large universities. To them, my deepest grati­ tude and love. I would also like to thank my brother, Dennis Bathory, for his many suggestions as an editor of this dissertation. He helped to make the writing of this paper a true learning experience and one that has made us even better friends. My special thanks to Anne and Fred Burkhardt who pro­ vided me with a study and their warm friendship during the writing of this paper. Also, to my typist, Eleanor Moore, my thanks for her dedication and excellent work. Finally, my deepest gratitude to my parents who pro­ vided me with the motivation and the love that enabled me to undertake and to accomplish this educational and personal goal. To my wife, my deepest love and appreciation for her patience and endurance throughout this difficult period in our lives. And, to my daughter, I hope that this dissertation i i has not too greatly disrupted the first two years of her life. I would not have completed this project without both of their love and attentions. i i i VITA May 10, 19¥t • • • • • Born— Euclid, Ohio 1966 ......... B.A., Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio 1967 ......... M.A., The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1967-1969............ Research and Practicum Assistant, Department of Counselor Education, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1969-1970. • ••••• Assistant Dean of Men, Oberlin College, Oberlin, Ohio 1970-1972. •••••• Residence Hall Director, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 1972-197^. ...... Assistant Professor, Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, New York 197!+-1976. •••.•• Internship as a Psychological Counselor, Bennington College, Bennington, Vermont * PUBLICATIONS Bathory, Michael J.; and Peters, Herman J., eds. School Counselingt Perspectives and Procedures. Itasca, 111.: F.E. Peacock, Inc., 1968. FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Education Studies in Counselor Education. Professor Herman Peters Studies in Higher Education. Professor Collins Burnett Studies in Physical Education. Professor Bruce Bennett iv TABLE OP CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS............... ................. ii VITA. iv LIST OF FIGURES .......... ............ ix INTRODUCTION. 1 PART ONE THE CONCEPT OF COMMUNITY1 12 Chapter I. THE MEANING OF COMMUNITY.......... 17 ‘'Natural*' and Political Community Plato’s Concept of Community Aristotles1s Concept of Community The Importance of Political Community Covenantal Community Rights and Obligations Summary and the Implications for Action by the Counselor Footnotes part mo THE IDEA OF COVENANTAL COMMUNITY IN AMERICA 38 II. THE PURITAN EXPERIENCE IN AMERICA ...... Vi Definition of Puritanism History of Puritanism The Idea of Covenantal Community Madison's View of "Mere Democracy" Tocqueville*s View of "Mere Democracy" Building Community v: Summary and the Implications for Action by the Counselor Footnotes III, ABRAHAM LINCOLN AND THE COVENANTAL IDEA OF COMMUNITY1 ........................ 61 The Art of Associating Nineteenth Century America Abraham Lincoln Lincoln and Winthrop Summary and the Implications for Action by the Counselor Footnotes IV. POPULISM AND THE IDEA OF COVENANTAL COMMUNITY HI AMERICA...................... 80 The Populist Movement Covenantal Community The Agrarian Myth "The Dangers of Factions11 The Role of the Government Political Education Progressivism Summary and the Implications for Action by the Counselor Footnotes PART THREE ANTI-COMMUNITARIAN TRENDS IN AMERICA 109 V. THE LIBERAL TRADITION IN AMERICA.......... 113 The Growth of Individualism Classical Liberalism The Lockean Consensus Summary and the Implications for Action by the Counselor Footnotes VI. THE TRADITION OF UTOPIAN COMMUNITY IN AMERICA.............................. 132 Nineteenth Century Religious Utopian Communities Socialistic Utopian Communities Contemporary Utopian Communities v i Retreat Communes Service Communes Freedom Versus Authority Summary and the Implications for Action by the Counselor Footnotes VII. THE DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN RELATIONS TECHNIQUES......... ................ 15^ Technological Society Human Relations Techniques Sensitivity Training The Field of Organization Development The Personal Growth Movement Summary and the Implications for Action by the Counselor Footnotes PART FOUR THEORIES OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND THE SEARCH FOR COMMUNITY IN AMERICA 197 VIII. THE SEARCH FOR COMMUNITY IN AMERICA AND THE SCIENCE OF HUMAN BEHAVIOR........ 205" The Search for Community Community and Society The Myth of Gemeinschaft Private Versus Public Community and Identity Summary and the Implications for Action by the Counselor Footnotes IX. THE SEARCH FOR COMiUHITY AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF A HEALTHY PERSONALITY . 232 The Psychological Need for Wholeness and Totalism The Development of a Healthy Personality The Importance of a Healthy Society The Search of Identity and the Role of the Counselor Footnotes v i i X, THE ROLE OP COUNSELOR-EDUCATOR IN THE SEARCH FOR COMMUNITY HI AMERICA • • . 253 Erikson's Psychosocial Theory of Development The Counselor as a "Caretaking Person" The Counselor as a "Representative of Society" The Counselor as an Authority The Need for Authority and Community The Counselor as an Educator Footnotes SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY...................... • 270 v i i i LIST OF FIGURES 1 • Tension Between “Natural11 and Political Community in the Search for a Good Quality of Life Where Individuals Are Able to Reach Their Full Potential • . • • 29 2. Binding Sturctures, Institutions, and Authorities Which.Make Up Each Form of Community................ ' . ............. 31 3# Nature of the Collective Feeling Characteristic of Each Form of Community................... • • 32 if. Nature of the Individual's Psychological Position in each form of Community , « • • 33 5* Model of Covenantal Community................ 31** 105 6, Illustration of the Liberal Tradition in America............................ 125 7* The State of Tension that is Present in a Healthy Personality ...••••«• 238 8,1 The Importance of a Healthy Society for the Development of a Healthy Personality. •••.••••• ........ • 2^2 i x INTRODUCTION This paper began as an attempt to examine the issues involved in an effort to create a "community" in a university residence hall. I discovered very quickly, however, that "community11 is not merely a dormitory area where people sleep. There has to be a focus on something or some issue outside the physical community itself, in this case the resi­ dence hall. In other words, mere proximity of people is not sufficient cause for community to develop. Definition of Community By community I