DOCUMENT RESUME ED 091 175 SE 017 514 TITLE Science: Grade 7. Curriculum Bulletin, 1971-72 Series, No.2. INSTITUTION New York City Board of Education, Brooklyn, N.Y. Bureau of Curriculum Development. PUB DATE 71 NOTE 330p. AVAILABLE FROM New York Board of Education, Publications Sales Office, 110 Livingston Street, Brooklyn, New York 11201 ($5.00) EDRS PRICE MF-$0.75 HC Not Available from EDRS. PLUS POSTAGE DESCRIPTORS Biology; *Curriculum Guides; Earth Science; General Science; Grade 7; Physical Sciences; *Science Activities; Science Education; *Secondary School Science; *Teaching Guides IDENTIFIERS New York City ABSTRACT This book is a curriculum guide for seventh-grade general science. It contains four units of chemistry, physics, biology, and earth science. Each unit is divided into sections covering major concepts. Each section contains science activitiesand contains explanations of objectives and implementation of the lesson. At the end of each section are review exercises, research topics, and resource materials. Also following each unit is a suggested unit examination. (MR) 4f Ba. o fE&. AIIn U S DEPARTYENT OF HEALTH EDUCATION I VSElf ARE NATIONAL INSTITUTE Of EDUCATION S DOCS'E".. RE EN ,EPq: D,cEO Exac , AE'Ef", 'HE.ERSONCQC',"0..}A.:%C., A' ,E PO %c E A 4 1, *A -D DO 4.2' A .NA' Cba " Fr JCA E. E A 4 r BUREAU OF CURRICULUM DEVELOPMENT BOAPP OF EIrUCATION CITY OF NEW YORK Permission to re-rc.'tIce this cc "''k has been granted to ther.eluo.1..nAt Recources Ir..--.'onCenter (ERIC) owl to the organization operating undercentract with the U,S. Office of Edlication to reproduce &cur lew,.iectuded in the ERIC system by mean; of microfiche only,but this right is not conferredto any users of the microfichereceive-! frau the ERIC Document fto. otrodection Service. Further reproductionofsaypertrequire' Permission of the Board of Education of theCity of New York. New York City public schools should order additional copiesof this publication from the Bureau of Supplies, Curriculi.m Publications List No. 00.8040.34 Copies of this publication may be purchased by outsideagencies from Board of Education of the City of New York, PublicationsSales Office, HO Livingston Street, Brooklyn, N.Y. 11201. Checks should bemade payable to: Auditor, Board of Eation, Price; $5.00 Curriculum Bulletin 1971.72 Series No. 2 SCIENCE: Grade 7 Bureau of Curriculum Development Board of Education City of New York BOARD OF EDUCATION ISAIAH E, ROBINSON, President SEYMOUR P. LACHMAN, VicePresident MURRY BERGTRAUM MARY E. MEADE JOSEPH MONSERRAT Chancellor HARVEY B. SCRIBNER Deputy Chancellor IRVING ANKER Deputy Superintendent of Schools SEELIG LESTER INSTRUCTIONAL SERVICES Bureau of Curriculum Development DAVID A. ABRAMSON DIRECTOR (ACTING) LEONARD SIMON ASSISTANT DIRECTOR (ACTING) COPYRIGHT 1971 BY THE BOARD OF EDUCATION OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK Applicationforpermissiontoreprintanysectionofthismaterial should be made totheChancellor,110LivingstonStreet,Brooklyn, N.Y.11201. Reprintof any section ofthis materialshallcarry the line, "Reprinted from (title of publication) by permission of the Board of Education of the City of New York." FOREWORD !n these times of greatscientific advancement and opportunity, we are increasingly dependent upon a scientifically literate population. Our young people must be led to explore, to discover and to under- stand the scientific ideas which will be of value to people in a changing world. The new science course of study for grades 7, 8, and 9 is part of a K12 science program which is based upon the sequential develop- ment of selected concepts from four major science areas. This bulletin represents a revision of grade 7 science.It features careful experimentation under classroom conditions and is designed specii:nlly to meet the needs of students of varying abilities. To implement this bulletin, itis expected that schools and districts will set up in-service training workshops for teachers. The personnel who participated in this project are to be congratu- fated. They have prepared an adaptation of the science course of study which should provide worthwhile experiences for intermediate and junior high school students in an urban community. SEELIG LESTER Deputy Superintendent of Schools iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The planning and design of this bulletin, part of the Science: Grades 7.8.9 Curriculum Development Project, were under the direction of David A. Abramson, Ading Director of the Bureau of Curriculum Development; and Harry Milgrom. Acting Director of the Bureau of Science. Deputy SuperintendentSeeligLester,OfficeofInstructionalServices,provided general supervision for the project. The members of the Science: Grade 7 revision committee were: Sam Fried (Committee Chairman), Assistant Director, Bureau of Science; Martin Schacter, Science Chairman, JIB 139M; Lillian Silverman, Science Chairman, JHS 136M., Alan \N'inkler, Science Teacher, JHS 278K; and Stanley Wolf, Science Teacher, JHS 118M. Consultants for the committee included the following: David Katz and Samuel Malkin, Curriculum Coordinators, Julius Schwartz, Science Con- sultant, and Leonard Simon, Acting Assistant Director, Bureau of Curriculum Development; and Robert L. Lipton, Assistant Director, Bureau of Science. Science: Grade 7 cam the "-port" and 'long" forms into a single integrated teacher's guide for use with all students. Grateful acknowledg- ment is given to the following teachers and supervisors who prepared the two original forms: Alfred A. Beck, Kenneth Chevers, Charles A, Coleman, Constantine Constant, Malcolm Cooper, Ronald Delmer, Murray Ehrlich, Milton Forrest, Mary Gavin, Frank Gray, Peter Greenleaf, Hugh Griffith, Martin Groffman, Ralph Harrison, John Hodnett,Paul Kahn, George Kanstroom, Bernard Kaudcrer, Max Kobre, Leon Kurtz, Anthony La Sala, Arthur H. Lefgren, Alfred A. Leichtinan, Dora Lynk, Jesse Nitzherg, Joseph M. Oxenhorn. Alice Pat tky, William Poppcl. Nfaria A. Soscie, Joseph Steffan, Eugene Stern. Jules Weider, and I.ot:is Weiss. Special thanks are expressedto the following teachers for trying out the revised material from this bulletinintheir classrooms: Mona Abel, Martinl3erle,Henry Bednarski, Daniel Brandon, Morris Gartner, John Hodnett. Martin Karp (deceased), Ray Kowalski, George Martesi, Renee Sands, Perry Saunders, Ernest Streicher, Pearl Strom, Bert Va land, Howard Wagner, Jules Weis ler, and Arlene Wilson. The Bureau of Curriculum Development, Edythe K. Kahn, Editor, super- vised printing production. Lillian B. Amdur edited and proofread the manu- script. Elena Lucchini prepared the manuscript for the printer, planned the layout, and was responsible for the illustrations and the cover. vi CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ix Unit I: CHEMISTRY xvii Elements 1 Compounds and Mixtures 22 Atomic Theory 49 Unit Examination 76 Suggested References 83 Unit PHYSICS 85 Electricity 87 Magnetism 109 Heat 137 Unit Examination 151 Suggested References 157 Unit III: BIOLOGY 159 Needs of Living Things 161 Cells 177 Nutrition 196 Unit Examination 223 Suggested References 227 Unit IV: EARTH SCIENCE 229 Rocks and Minerals 230 The Changing Earth' 258 Importance of Fossils 287 Unit Examination 305 Suggested References 310 v it Introduction This publication constitutes an important segment of a sequential K-12 science curriculum for the New York City public schools. The original grade 7 science programs described in the "long" and the "short" forms have been revised and combined in this bulletin. The teacher now has a program which meets the needs of all children. The design provides a set of basic experiences and instructions for which all pupils arc responsible. Pupils are frequently exposed to familiar objects from their environment as a basis for study. New ideas, laboratory skills, and science vocabulary are introduced at a pace which permits easy assimilation by the pupils. Understandings and interrelationshipsare constantly reinforced through frequent referral to previous studies. In addition, each lesson contains concrete suggestions (italicized) to the teacher for stimulating a more in-depth study and for providing enrichment activities for those youngsters whose interests and abilities warrant them. OBJECTIVES The objectives of the intermediate and junior high school course of study reinforce the aims of general education. In addition, they include the objectives that are specific to the study of science. They seek to have the pupil continue to: Develop the concepts, skills, knowledges, and attitudes which were begun in K-6 Develop a firm scientific foundation, including laboratory skills, upon which the program in grades 10 to 12 can be built Explore the various scientific disciplines for the development of individual interests and abilities Explore the possibility of a satisfying and challenging career in a scientific field Understand science as a unified whole by perceiving interrelation- ships among the four fields of science Appreciate the role of science in the progress of civilization and in the development of our technical society ix Understand OW IllethOdti employed by the scientist in his attack upon problems affecting the health and welfare of the human race and to rely upon his findings Apply the methods and attitudes of the scientist, where possible, as a way of life. INNOVATIONS IN SCIENCE 74-9 To attain these goals, the program offers a body of up-to-date sub- ject content that should be interesting and exciting to teachers and students alike. The course of study is set forth logically and in detail to provide adequate assistance and