1 INSPIRATION IN HERITAGE INTERPRETATION An Exploration into Inspiration in Heritage Interpretation through Virtual World Cafe by Jacquline Faye Gilson A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of Social and Applied Sciences in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF SOCIAL SCIENCES Royal Roads University Victoria, British Columbia, Canada Supervisor: Dr. Richard Kool March 2015 Jacquline Faye Gilson, 2015 2 INSPIRATION IN HERITAGE INTERPRETATION COMMITTEE APPROVAL The members of Jacquline Faye Gilson’s Dissertation Committee certify that they have read the dissertation titled An Exploration into Inspiration in Heritage Interpretation through Virtual World Cafe and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Social Sciences: Dr. Matthew Heinz Dr. Niels Agger-Gupta Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate’s submission of the final copy of the dissertation to Royal Roads University. The dissertation supervisor confirms to have read this dissertation and recommends that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirements: Dr. Richard Kool 3 INSPIRATION IN HERITAGE INTERPRETATION Creative Commons Statement This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 2.5 Canada License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc- sa/2.5/ca/. Some material in this work is not being made available under the terms of this licence: Third-Party material that is being used under fair dealing or with permission. Any photographs where individuals are easily identifiable. 4 INSPIRATION IN HERITAGE INTERPRETATION ABSTRACT Inspiration in heritage interpretation was explored as an alternative to the traditional instrumental knowledge-based approach used in the field. Thirty-three professional interpreters from 21 agencies across North America participated in dialogue through Internet-based World Café focus groups, an emerging research method that was assessed through the inquiry. Literature and dialogue reviews revealed nine characteristics of inspiration, including the dissection of inspiration into inspired by and inspired to: inspiration is contagious, positive, individual, transcendent, unexpected, and holistic; and requires receptivity, which may be cultivated. Participants felt that inspiration is the goal of interpretation and 10 factors for inspiration-based interpretation emerged. The role of provocation and the ability of interpreters to meet their agencies’ requirements, particularly the need for measurement, were discussed. Agencies’ and visitors’ needs may be met through heritage interpretation aimed at the cognitive, affective and conative domains, which may result in meaningful connections between visitors and place. 5 INSPIRATION IN HERITAGE INTERPRETATION Table of Contents Creative Commons Statement ..........................................................................................3 Table of Contents ............................................................................................................5 List of Tables................................................................................................................. 11 List of Figures ............................................................................................................... 12 Chapter One: Introduction ............................................................................................. 15 Research Questions .................................................................................................... 18 Context of the Inquiry ................................................................................................ 19 Theoretical Frameworks ............................................................................................ 19 Overview of the Research .......................................................................................... 20 Significance of the Inquiry ......................................................................................... 21 Assumptions .............................................................................................................. 22 Definitions ................................................................................................................. 23 Chapter Two: Review of Literature ................................................................................ 26 Heritage Interpretation ............................................................................................... 26 The Five Ws and one H of HI. ............................................................................... 26 Need for more holistic HI....................................................................................... 31 Inspiration ................................................................................................................. 47 6 INSPIRATION IN HERITAGE INTERPRETATION Characteristics of inspiration. ................................................................................. 49 Inspiration and HI ...................................................................................................... 61 Inspiration within HI literature. .............................................................................. 61 Inspired by and inspired to within the HI context. .................................................. 64 World Café ................................................................................................................ 65 Online focus groups. .............................................................................................. 65 World Café. ........................................................................................................... 66 Virtual World Café. ............................................................................................... 70 Chapter Three: Approach and Methods .......................................................................... 72 Positionality ............................................................................................................... 72 Methodology ............................................................................................................. 73 Research Considerations ............................................................................................ 76 Multi-jurisdictional study. ...................................................................................... 76 Trustworthiness. .................................................................................................... 76 Ethics. .................................................................................................................... 77 Research Methods...................................................................................................... 78 Virtual World Café. ............................................................................................... 78 LinkedIn action-reflection-reporting phase. ............................................................ 83 7 INSPIRATION IN HERITAGE INTERPRETATION Participants ................................................................................................................ 84 Data Analysis ............................................................................................................ 87 Delimitations and Limitations .................................................................................... 89 Chapter Four: Results and Discussion ............................................................................ 93 Results Related to Inspiration Characteristics ............................................................. 94 Inspiration as a concept. ......................................................................................... 94 Inspiration is two-sided. ......................................................................................... 95 Visitors inspired by and to. .................................................................................. 108 Connection between inspired by and to ................................................................ 110 Inspiration is transcendent. ................................................................................... 113 Inspiration is positive. .......................................................................................... 115 Inspiration is individual........................................................................................ 117 Inspiration is unexpected. ..................................................................................... 119 Inspiration is holistic. ........................................................................................... 120 Inspiration is transmissible. .................................................................................. 123 Inspiration requires receptivity. ............................................................................ 124 Inspiration receptivity may be cultivated. ............................................................. 125 Interpreter Actions to Cultivate Inspiration .............................................................. 126 8 INSPIRATION IN HERITAGE INTERPRETATION General actions taken by interpreters. ................................................................... 127 Visitor-oriented actions. ......................................................................................