National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Northeast Region History Program NEGOTIATING AT THE O NEIDA CARRY WILLIAM J. C AMPBELL H ISTORIC R ESOURCE S TUDY PRESENTED TO F ORT S TANWIX N ATIONAL M ONUMENT I N P ART N E R S H I P WITH THE O RGANIZATION OF A MERICAN H ISTORIANS /NATIONAL P ARK S E RV IC E Cover Image: The 1784 Treaty of Fort Stanwix. Courtesy of the Library of Congress, Rare Book and Special Collections Division, Continental Congress & Constitutional Convention Broadsides Collection. NEGOTIATING AT THE ONEIDA CARRY FORT STANWIX NATIONAL MONUMENT HISTORIC RESOURCE STUDY WILLIAM J. CAMPBELL PREPARED UNDER COOPERATIVE AGREEMENT WITH THE ORGANIZATION OF AMERICAN HISTORIANS NATIONAL PARK SERVICE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR MAY 2017 NEGOTIATING AT THE ONEIDA CARRY HISTORIC RESOURCE STUDY Fort Stanwix National Monument William J. Campbell, Ph .D. U.S. Department of the Interior Region 1, North Atlantic-Appalachian National Park Service/In Partnership with the Organization of American Historians November 2019 Recommended: Shaun Eyring Date Chief, Cultural Resources Northeast Region Approved: h 'L~ Kevin Wyrick ~ Date Superintendent Fort Stanwix Natiqnal Monument TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Illustrations v A Note on Terminology vii List of Abbreviations ix Acknowledgements xi Preface xiii Chapter One Introductions 1 Chapter Two Empires: War and Fort Stanwix 19 Chapter Three Collaborators: The Road to Deowainsta 33 Chapter Four Accomplices: The 1768 Treaty of Fort Stanwix 55 Chapter Five Revolutions: Wars for Independence, 1769–1783 77 Chapter Six Adversaries: 1784 Treaty of Fort Stanwix 99 Chapter Seven Mistreated Allies: 1788 Treaty of Fort Stanwix 119 Chapter Eight “Very Unwise”: The 1790 Treaty of Fort Stanwix 135 Epilogue 147 Summary and Research Recomendations 151 Bibliography 153 iii LIST OF I LLUSTRATIONS Figure 1 Oswego location and fortifications, ca. 1765 14 Figure 2 The Oneida Carrying Place 15 Figure 3 Location of Iroquois Nations, 1650-1720 16 Figure 4 European claims in North America, ca. 1730 17 Figure 5 North American colonies and Proclamation Line, 1763 31 Figure 6 Pontiac’s War, 1763-1766 32 Figure 7 Kayaderossa Region 54 Figure 8 The Northern Extension 75 Figure 9 Pennsylvania land purchases, 1682–1792 76 Figure 10 The 1768 Fort Stanwix Boundary Line 76 Figure 11 Lord Dunmore’s March 96 Figure 12 Western boundary of New York, Tyron County, ca. 1777 96 Figure 13 Samuel Kirkland 97 Figure 14 Battle of Oriskany 97 Figure 15 Guy Johnson 98 Figure 16 George Clinton 117 Figure 17 The 1784 Treaty of Fort Stanwix 118 Figure 18 The Haldimand Tract 133 Figure 19 Good Peter 134 v A NOTE ON TERMINOLOGY The spelling and reference to indigenous terms, places, and people often provided as much of a challenge to the colonizers of North America as for present-day commenta- tors. During the colonial and revolutionary periods, and in much of the nineteenth century, no standardization of transliterating indigenous words existed. Those people that left written records were always subject to varying degrees of influences based on their own language and culture, not to mention the linguistic differences among indig- enous communities, tribes, and nations. With regard to capturing proper indigenous pronunciation, there were also inherent problems transliterating Indian language using the Roman alphabet. These factors contributed to a slew of linguistic complications and misnomers, both then and now. In the North American context, today the commonly used indigenous expressions and references are largely the product of a hodgepodge of interrelated French, Dutch, German, Spanish, and English renditions of peoples, names, and places that would otherwise have linguistic variations from nation to nation, tribe to tribe, or even between villages. The Algonkians, for instance, called the Ganiengehaga, “Mohawks,” (man-eaters); the English term “Iroquois” was a variation of the name the French initially gave the Haudenosaunee; and the Lenapés residing on the Delaware River at the time of contact were deemed, perhaps not surprisingly, “Delawares.” This list goes on with varying degrees of complexity. For clarity and consistency, I have made the choice to maintain the most commonly used and recognized names for most of the indigenous tribes and nations mentioned in this study. For instance, “Iroquois” will be used instead of “Haudenosaunee” (People of the Longhouse), as well the “Five Nations” and later “Six Nations” when referring to the Iroquois tribes of the metaphorical longhouse. “Mohawks” will be used instead of “Ganiengehaga” (People of the Flint). The same can be said for Oneidas (Onyota’a:ka, or People of the Standing Stone), Onondagas (Onöñda’gega or People of the Hills), Cayugas (Guyohkohnyo, or People of the Great Swamp); Senecas (Onöndowága, or People of the Great Hill), and finally, Tucaroras (Karū’ren, or Hemp Gatherers). While I am aware of the inherent problems of referring to first peoples by their Europeanized tribal names, I do not want to contribute to reader confusion nor muddle the arguments outlined in this study by opting to alter some names and not others. Furthermore, because the actions and motivations of indigenous communities varied not only between nations, but also villages, when possible, distinctions between communities will be made based on geographical- or village- specific actions. The Chenussios faction of Seneca Nation, for instance, will be referred to by tribal name or geographical location, “western Senecas.” The same can be said for the “Ohio Iroquois,” “Shamokin Delawares,” and so on. vii LIST OF A BBREVIATIONS APS: American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, PA, USA. BFP: Leonard Labaree et al., eds. The Papers of Benjamin Franklin. 18 vols (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1968). DHSNY: E.B. O’Callaghan, E. B., ed. The Documentary History of the State of New York. 4 vols (Albany, N.Y.: Weed and Parsons, 1849–51). DRCHSNY: E.B. O’Callaghan, and B. Fernow, eds. Documents Relative to the Colonial History of the State of New York. 10 vols (Albany, N.Y.: Weed, Parsons, and Co., 1853–87). GW: Worthington Chauncey Ford ed., The Writings of George Washington. 14 vols (New York, 1889). HSP: Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA. JC: Richard Day, ed., Calendar of the Sir William Johnson Manuscript (Albany: University of the State of New York, 1909). JSK: Walter Pilkington, ed., The Journals of Samuel Kirkland: 18th Century Missionary to the Iroquois, Government Agent, Father of Hamilton College (Clinton, NY, Hamilton College, 1980). LOC: Library of Congress, Washington, D.C., USA. NAC: Library and Archives, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. NYPL: New York Public Library, New York, NY, USA. ORF: Eugene Parker Chase, ed., Our Revolutionary Forefathers: The Letters of Francois, Marquis de Barbe-Marbois (New York: Duffield and Co., 1929). OT: Neville B. Craig, ed., The Olden Time: A Monthly Publication Devoted to the Preservation of Documents and Other authentic information in relation to the early explorations, and the settlement and improvement of the country around the head of the Ohio. 2 vols. (R. Clarke and Co., 1876). PA: William Henry Egle et al. eds. Pennsylvania Archives, 3rd series.16 vols. (Harrisburg: State Printer, 1894). PCR: S amuel Hazard, ed. Colonial Records of Pennsylvania: Minutes of the Provincial Council of Pennsylvania, from the Organization to the Termination of the Proprietary Government, 16 vols (Harrisburg, Pa.: Theodore Finn and Co., 1851). PHMC: Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, Harrisburg, PA. PRO: P ublic Records Office, London, England, U.K. SWJP: Sullivan, James et al., eds. The Papers of Sir William Johnson. 14 vols. (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1921–1963). ix ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The opportunity to reengage the history of treaty making in Iroquoia at such an impor- tant place, and during such a transitional time, was overwhelmingly thanks to the initiatives of the employees of the National Parks Service (NPS). While tirelessly strug- gling to secure funding in order to disseminate the histories of this country and protect its natural resources, NPS employees bring history and education to life across the United States. Without NPS funding, this project would not exist, and without NPS employees, this history would not have been seen or heard. To the employees of the National Parks Service: Thank you. Not often do scholars get a chance, or have the motivation, to revisit, revise, and expand on what was their doctoral dissertation, and then their first book. In 2013, the late Mr. Aidan Smith at the Organization of American Historians contacted me to do just that. After speaking at length on the telephone, and then discussing the parameters of the project in person while Aidan visited San Francisco, I agreed. But by early 2014 I soon realized why scholars might actively try to avoid returning to the scene of the original crime, so to speak. Combing through my book on the 1768 Treaty of Fort Stanwix two years after it was published, and over a decade since I began writing it, I soon encountered a treasure-trove of problems (thanks in part to scholarly reviews) and organizational obstacles that would not have been present had I started this project anew. The cringing dissipated, though, as this new project began to take form with the help of additional research, institutional support, and the invaluable feedback and support offered by friends and colleagues. Building from grants and scholarships from the Library Company of Philadelphia, the American Philosophical Society, Historical Society of Pennsylvania, the Newberry Library, the David Library for the American Revolution, and McMaster University that provided the foundation to for my dissertation, funding from the NPS, the Huntington Library, California State University at Chico, and the University of Memphis furthered this project. Trips to the Library of Congress, Robarts Library at the University of Toronto, the Ontario Archives at York University, and the National Archives in Ottawa, also proved helpful.