ב"הב"ה Parshat Emor >> High Court on the Dock The prophet Elijah delivers a scathing rebuke to the High Court, the group of the most respected elders of Israel. Their crime? They failed to wander through the shtetls and teach Jewish children. Teacher's Manual Contents: Opening: The Priests & The Scholars......................................................................................3 The Kohens and Levites were more than just stewards of the Temple. They were scholars and educators. In our parsha, we see that they are commanded to teach their young (source 1). In the Haftorah, we see that they were responsible for teaching Torah to the entire nation (source 2). Maimonides extends this position to all people. Every person can be a Levite, by dedicating himself to spirituality (source 3). Part 1: Wandering Judges?...........................................................................................................6 Maimonides describes the members of the High Court as the greatest minds of the generation (source 5). Yet, the Midrash states in the name of Elijah the Prophet that the members of the High Court should have wandered from town to town to teach Torah (source 4). The Rebbe asks the obvious question: Why were the members of the High Court expected to do ‘menial jobs’? Part 2: Full Responsibility............................................................................................................8 The key to the answer lies in the story of Pilegesh B’givah, where a horrific crime resulted in civil war and the death of seventy thousand Jews (source 6). It was in regard to this story that Elijah says his statement about the High Court (source 7). As the Rebbe explains, the first and foremost task of a Jewish scholar and leader is to teach and raise up the people. The result of their failure is inestimable, and the blame lies squarely on them. That is why the Talmud says that a High Court that employs the death penalty is called “destructive” (source 8). They reached that point because of their own failure to educate the nation. Part 3: Gird Yourself.....................................................................................................................14 The Rebbe: A person’s first responsibility is to teach others. In Conclusion: A Story and a Video........................................................................................16 3 2 Opening: The Priests & The Scholars Our Torah portion begins with the laws of priesthood. There is a common misconception about the main role of the priestly class. Many assume that their primary task was to serve in the Holy Temple. However, in truth, the average priest spent very little time in the Temple—two weeks a year at the maximum. If a large number of priests were present, they would serve for even less. The Levites—the tribe from which the priests stem—were actually the elite intellectual class. They were the rabbis and the scholars, and they preserved the teachings of Judaism throughout the generations. Even during our exile in Egypt, the Levites were exempt of slavery, focusing on the teachings of the Torah. But moreover, in addition to their own intellectual pursuits, they were tasked with being the educators of the next generation. Forty-eight scattered cities were given to the tribe of Levi, where they were to serve as centers of Torah and education for the people of Israel. There is a fascinating passage in Tana D'vei Eliyahu, a Midrashic text, which the Rebbe often referenced when speaking about the role of Jewish leaders. This lesson revolves around that teaching. Source 1 Leviticus 21:1 The opening verse of our Torah portion, a law regarding priesthood, has a unique double- expression; it says the word ‘speak’ twice. Rashi explains that it teaches the priests about their responsibility to teach their youth. ַוּיֶֹאמר ה' ֶאל־מֶֹׁשה ֱאמֹר ֶאל־ ,G-d said to Moses: Speak to the priests ַהּכֲֹהִנים ְּבֵני ַאֲהרֹן ְוָאַמְר ָּת ֲאֵלֶהם :the children of Aaron, and say to them ְלֶנֶפׁש לִֹא־י ַּט ָּמ ְּא בַע ָּמיו׃ …Do not become impure רש״י על הפסוק :Rashi אֱמֹר אֶ ל הַכֹּהֲנִ ים - ֱאמֹר... Speak to the priests: “Speak to the ְוָאַמְר ָּת, ְלַהְזִהיר ְּגדוִֹלים ַעל priests…and say”— [the double expression הַקְּטַ נִּ ים. is] for the adults to teach the youngsters. 3 Source 2 This week’s Haftorah — Ezekiel 44:15, 23-24 The haftorah takes it a step further: the prophet Ezekiel says that they are responsible not only to raise their own children but to also teach Torah to the entire nation and guide them in the proper behavior. ְוַהּכֲֹהִנים ַהְלִוִּים ְּבֵני ָצדוֹק ֲאֶׁשר ,But the priests, the Levites, sons of Zadok ָׁשְמּרו ֶאִת־מְׁשֶמֶרת ִמְקָּדִׁשי who kept the charge of My sanctuary ִּבְתעוֹת ְּבֵנִי־יְשָׂרֵאל ֵמָעַלי ֵה ָּמה when the Children of Israel strayed from ִיְקְרּבו ֵאַלי ְלָׁשְרֵתִני ְוָעְמּדו ְלָפַני ,Me, they shall come near Me to serve Me ְלַהְקִריב ִלי ֵחֶלב ָוָדם ְנֻאם ה' and they shall stand before Me to offer אלוקים׃ .Me fat and blood, says the L-rd G-d ְוֶאַת־ע ִּמי יוֹּרו ֵּבין קֶֹדׁש ְלחֹל They shall teach My people the difference ּוֵבָין־טֵמא ְלָטהוֹר יוִֹדֻעם׃ ְוַעל־ between holy and profane and inform ִריב ֵה ָּמה ַיַעְמּדו ְלִמְׁשָּפט, them of the difference between the ְּבִמְׁשָּפַטי ִיְׁש ְּפּטוּהו, ְוֶאּת־תוֹרַֹתי impure and the pure. They shall adjudicate ְוֶאֻת־חּקַֹתי ְּבָכל־מוֲֹעַדי ִיְׁשמֹּרו, disputes; they shall judge according to My ְוֶא ַׁת־ש ְּבתוַֹתְי יַקֵּדׁשּו׃ ordinances, observe My teachings and My statutes in all My appointed times, and sanctify My Sabbaths. Source 3 Maimonides, Mishneh Torah, Laws of Shmita and Yovel 13:12-13 Maimonides points out that their role as teachers was a central part of how G-d divided the land between the nation. The tribe of Levi received no agricultural land at all; they were to focus on spirituality, and it was the task of the nation to feed them. ְוָל ָּמה לֹא ָזָכה ֵלִוי ְּבַנֲחַלת Why didn’t the Levites receive a portion אֶ רֶ ץ יִשְׂ רָ אֵ ל וּ בְ בִ זָּתָ הּ עִ ם of the Land of Israel and its spoils like ֶאָחיו, ִמ ְּפֵני ֶׁשֻהְבַּדל ַלֲעבֹד their brethren? Because they were set ֶאת ה' ְלָׁשְרתוֹ ּוְלהוֹרוֹת ְּדָרָכיו aside to worship G-d, to serve Him and ַהְיָׁשִרים ּוִמְׁשָּפָטיו ַהַּצ ִּדִיקים to teach the people His upright paths and ָלַר ִּבים, ֶׁשֶּנֱאַמר )דברים לג י( :righteous judgments, as the verse states "יוֹרוּ מִשְׁפָּטֶ יךָ לְיַעֲקֹב וְ תוֹרָתְךָ They will teach Your judgments to Jacob“ ְלִיְשָׂרֵאל". ְלִפָיכְך ֻהְב ְּדּלו ִמַּדְרֵכי ,and Your Torah to Israel.” Therefore 5 4 ָהעוָֹלם. לֹא עוְֹרִכין ִמְלָחָמה they were set apart from the ways of the ִּכְׁשָאר ִיְשָׂרֵאל, ְולֹא נוֲֹחִלין ְולֹא world. They do not wage war like the rest of זוִֹכין ְלַעְצָמן ְּבכַֹח ּגּוָפן. ֶאָּלא ֵהם Israel, nor do they inherit or acquire assets ֵחיל ַה ֵּׁשם ֶׁשֶּנֱאַמר )דברים לג יא( through their physical might. Instead, they ָּ"בֵרְך ה' ֵחילוֹ". ְוּהוא ָּבּרוְך ּהוא are G-d’s legion, as the verse states, “G-d זוֶֹכה ָלֶהם ֶׁשֶּנֱאַמר )במדבר יח כ( has blessed His legion.” G-d provides for ֲ"אִנֶי חְלְקָךְוַנֲחָלְתָך": them, as the verse states: “I am your portion and your inheritance.” In the next segment, Maimonides points out that this behavior is not limited to priests. Any person who chooses to focus on spirituality can be a ‘priest’ as well. ְולֹא ֵׁשֶבט ֵלִוי ִּבְלַבד, ֶאָּלא ָּכל But not only the tribe of Levi; any person who ִאׁיש ְוִאׁיש ִמָּכל ָּבֵאי ָהעוָֹלם, is motivated and intellectually stimulated to אֲשֶׁ ר נָדְבָ ה רוּ חוֹ אוֹתוֹ וֶהֱבִ ינוֹ set himself aside and stand before G-d to ַמָּדעוֹ ְלִהָּבֵדל ַלֲעמֹד ִלְפֵני ה' serve Him, to minister to Him and to know ְלָׁשְרתוֹ ּוְלָעְבדוֹ ְלֵדָעה ֶאת ה', Him, and proceeds straightforwardly as G-d ְוָהַלְך ָיָׁשר ְּכמוֹ ֶׁשֲעָשּׂהו ָהֱאלִֹהים, created him, and relieves himself of the yoke ּוָפַרק ֵמַעל ַצָּוארוֹ ַעל ַהֶחְׁשּבוֹנוֹת of the many concerns which human beings ָהַר ִּבים ֲאֶׁשר ִּב ְּקׁשּו ְּבֵני ָהָאָדם, .pursue, he is sanctified as holy of holies ֲהֵרי ֶזה ִנְתַקֵּדׁש קֶֹדׁש ָקָדִׁשים, G-d will be His portion and heritage forever ְוִיְהֶיה ה' ֶחְלקוֹ ְוַנֲחָלתוֹ ְלעוָֹלם and will provide what is sufficient for him in ּוְלעוְֹלֵמי עוָֹלִמים, ְוִיְזֶּכה לוֹ this world like He provides for the priests ָּבעוָֹלם ַהֶּזה ָּדָבר ַה ַּמְס ִּפיק לוֹ and the Levites. As David declared, “G-d is ְּכמוֹ ֶׁשָּזָכה ַלּכֲֹהִנים ַלְלִוִּים. ֲהֵרי the lot of my portion; You are my cup, You ָּדִוד ָעָליו ַה ָּׁשלוֹם אוֵֹמר )תהילים ”.support my lot טז ה( "ה' ְמָנת ֶחְלִקי ְוכוִֹסי ַא ָּתה תּוֹמִ יךְ גּוֹרָלִ י". With the above in mind: what is the appropriate behavior for a Levite? What is expected of someone who devotes his life to spirituality and the study of Torah? 5 Part 1: Wandering Judges? Source 4 Midrash, Tana D’vei Eliyahu Rabbah, chapter 11 Tana D'vei Eliyahu is a Midrashic texts with teachings that are attributed to Elijah the Prophet. Here, he makes a very interesting statement: it would be appropriate for the members of the High Court to don durable clothes and wander from town to town, educating the young. ֶׁשָהָיה ָלֶהם ְלַסְנֶהְדֵרי ְּגדוָֹלה ֶׁשִהִּנַיח The members of the High Court who had מֶֹׁשה, ִויהוֹֻׁשַע ּוִפְנָחס ֶּבן ֶאְלָעָזר ,received wisdom from Moses, Joshua ִע ָּמֶהם, ָהָיה ָלֶהם ֵלֵילְך ְוִלְקׁשור and Pinchas ben Elazar as well, should ֲחָבִלים ֶׁשל ַּבְרֶזל ְּבַמ ְּתֵנֶיהם, ּוְלַהְג ִּב ַּיה ִּבְגֵדֶיהם ְלַמְעָלה ,have girded themselves with iron belts ֵמַאְרּכובוֵֹתֶיהן, ְוַיְחְזּרו ְּבָכל ֲעָיירוֹת raised up the hems of their clothing, and ִיְשָׂרֵאל, יוֹם ֶאָחד ְלָלִכׁיש, יוֹם ֶאָחד traveled from town to town—one day to ְלֵבית ֵאל, יוֹם ֶאָחד ְלֶחְברוֹן, יוֹם Lachish, one day to Beit El, one day to ֶאָחד ִלּירוָׁשַלִים, ְוֵכן ְּבָכל ְמקוֹמוֹת Chevron, one day to Jerusalem, and to all ִיְשָׂרֵאְל. וִיְלְמּדוֶאִת יְשָׂרֵאל. .Jewish settlements—to teach the people Source 5 Maimonides, Mishneh Torah, Laws of High Court, 2:1, 6 Now, Maimonides describes the exact criteria for rabbis who serve in the High Court.