laidler-II.qxd:laidler-n7.qxd 6/2/09 12:03 PM Page 1 C M Y K Basic American Documents Series Editor Andrzej Mania Basic Paweł Laidler, PhD – associate professor at the Institute of American Studies and Polish Diaspora, Jagiellonian University, Kraków. He received a PhD. in political science (2003 – dissertation title: The Attorney General of the United States. Conflict of Competences), and M.A. in law (2000 – dissertation title: The Role of the Precedent in U.S. Legal System). His research mainly focuses on different issues of the U.S. Cases in U.S. Cons Basic Cases in U.S. legal and political system (i.e. common law, constitutional law, the role of the U.S. Supreme Court, legal process, separation of powers, federalism). He teaches courses on following subjects: U.S. Legal System, U.S. Constitutional Law, U.S. Criminal Process – Theory and Practice, Knowledge about the State and Law, and Diplomatic Protocol. He is the author and co-author of three books, four volumes of post-conference Constitutional Law proceedings and numerous articles concerning such topics as judicial review, John Marshall, politics and the U.S. Supreme Court, freedom of speech and of the press, the U.S.A. Patriot Act, institutions of U.S. legal Rights and Liberties system, and many more. Pawe∏ Laidler Prof. Andrzej Mania, PhD – Head of the Chair of American Studies at the Institute of American Studies and Polish Diaspora, Jagiellonian University, Kraków. Author of monographs on U.S.-Soviet Relations and titutional Law on U.S. policy toward Eastern Europe during Cold War (the last of the series: ”Détente i amerykaƒska polityka Stanów Zjednoczonych wobec Europy Wschodniej styczeƒ 1969 – styczeƒ 1981”, Eng. Detente and United States Policy toward Eastern Europe January 1969 – January 1981). Editor of four books on European inte- gration and two on American policy and U.S. democracy as well as author of numerous articles concerning U.S. foreign policy. www.wuj.pl Jagiellonian University Press laidler-II-str3.qxd:laidler-str3.qxd 6/2/09 12:05 PM Page 1 Basic American Documents Series Editor Andrzej Mania Basic Cases in U.S. Constitutional Law Rights and Liberties Pawe∏ Laidler Jagiellonian University Press laidler-II-str1.qxd:laidler-str1.qxd 6/2/09 12:05 PM Page 1 Basic Cases in U.S. Constitutional Law The publication of this volume was supported by the Jagiellonian University – Institute of American Studies and Polish Diaspora TECHNICAL EDITOR Dorota Węgierska COVER DESIGN Paweł Bigos PROOFREADER Jerzy Hrycyk TYPESETTING Wojciech Wojewoda © Copyright by Paweł Laidler & Jagiellonian University Press First edition, Kraków 2009 All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. ISBN 978-83-233-2691-5 www.wuj.pl Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Jagiellońskiego Redakcja: ul. Michałowskiego 9/2, 31-126 Kraków tel. 012-631-18-81, tel./fax 012-631-18-83 Dystrybucja: ul. Wrocławska 53, 30-011 Kraków tel. 012-631-01-97, tel./fax 012-631-01-98 tel. kom. 0506-006-674, e-mail: [email protected] Konto: PEKAO SA nr 80 1240 4722 1111 0000 4856 3325 Contents Foreword by Professor Andrzej Mania ........................................................................................ 7 Chapter One Due Process of Law ...................................................................................................................... 9 Introduction to Volume Two ................................................................................................... 9 Due Process of Law – Basic Information ............................................................................... 13 Barron v. Mayor and City Council of Baltimore 1833 (Bill of Rights jurisdiction) ............... 15 Lochner v. New York 1905 (unreasonable legislation) ............................................................ 18 Palko v. Connecticut 1937 (fundamental freedoms) ............................................................... 21 United States v. Carolene Products Co. 1938 (footnote four) ................................................ 25 Chapter Two Freedom of Speech and of the Press ............................................................................................. 27 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 27 Schenck v. United States 1919 (clear and present danger test) ............................................... 28 Gitlow v. New York 1925 (speech as fundamental freedom) .................................................. 31 Whitney v. California 1927 (bad tendency test) ...................................................................... 36 Near v. Minnesota 1931 (freedom of the press) ..................................................................... 40 Chaplinsky v. State of New Hampshire 1942 (fi ghting words) ............................................... 44 Roth v. United States 1957 (obscenity) ................................................................................... 47 New York Times v. Sullivan 1964 (defamation – libel) ........................................................... 52 Brandenburg v. Ohio 1969 (imminent lawless action test) .................................................... 56 Bigelow v. Virginia 1975 (commercial speech) ...................................................................... 59 Texas v. Johnson 1989 (symbolic speech) .............................................................................. 62 Chapter Three Freedom of Religion ..................................................................................................................... 67 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 67 Cantwell v. Connecticut 1940 (free exercise clause) .............................................................. 68 Everson v. Board of Education 1947 (free establishment clause) .......................................... 72 Engel v. Vitale 1962 (school prayer) ....................................................................................... 77 Lemon v. Kurtzman 1971 (governmental legislation over religion) ....................................... 81 Wallace v. Jaffree 1985 (moment of meditation in schools) ................................................... 85 Zelman v. Simmons-Harris 2002 (private choice test) ............................................................ 88 Chapter Four Right to Privacy ............................................................................................................................ 93 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 93 6 Griswold v. Connecticut 1965 (use of contraceptives) ........................................................... 94 Loving v. Virginia 1967 (race-based marriages) ..................................................................... 97 Roe v. Wade 1973 (right to abortion) ...................................................................................... 100 Planned Parenthood v. Casey 1992 (right to abortion) .......................................................... 106 Vacco v. Quill 1997 (right to die) ............................................................................................ 110 Lawrence and Garner v. Texas 2003 (sexual orientation) ...................................................... 113 Chapter Five Equal Protection of Law ............................................................................................................... 119 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 119 Dred Scott v. Sandford 1856 (slavery) .................................................................................... 121 Slaughterhouse Cases 1873 (privileges and immunities) ....................................................... 126 Plessy v. Ferguson 1896 (racial segregation) ......................................................................... 129 Korematsu v. United States 1944 (intern camps) .................................................................... 133 Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka 1954 (racial equality) .............................................. 137 Regents of the University of California v. Bakke 1978 (affi rmative action) ........................... 140 Romer v. Evans 1996 (sexual orientation) .............................................................................. 144 Chapter Six Criminal Procedure/Rights of the Accused ................................................................................... 149 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 149 Mapp v. Ohio 1961 (exclusionary rule) .................................................................................. 150 Gideon v. Wainwright 1963 (right to counsel) ........................................................................ 154 Miranda v. Arizona 1966 (Miranda warning) ......................................................................... 157 Duncan v. Louisiana 1968 (right to jury trial) .......................................................................