REPUBLICREPUBLIC OF OF RWANDA RWANDA NATIONAL UNITY AND RECONCILIATION COMMISSION NATIONAL UNITY AND RECONCILIATION COMMISSION Rwanda Reconciliation Barometer © ©NURC,NURC December 20152015 i i ©NURC, December 2015 P.O. Box 174, Kigali, Rwanda Tel. (+250) 788388997, Local 1888 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.nurc.gov.rw ii ii CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES ....................................................................................................................... VI LIST OF GRAPHS ........................................................................................................................ IX LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................................... X ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS .......................................................................................... XI FOREWORD ………………………...………………………………………………………………….. XII EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................................................ XIII 1. INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. Background .................................................................................................................. 1 1.2. Rationale ...................................................................................................................... 3 1.3. Objectives of the assessment ....................................................................................... 3 1.4. Understanding Reconciliation ....................................................................................... 3 1.4.1. Conceptual perspectives on reconciliation ................................................................. 4 1.4.2. Positioning reconciliation in Rwandan context ........................................................... 5 1.5. Measuring Reconciliation in Rwandan context ............................................................. 6 1.5.1. Understanding the past, present and envisioning the future ...................................... 6 1.5.2. Citizenship and Identity .............................................................................................. 6 1.5.3. Political culture........................................................................................................... 7 1.5.4. Security and wellbeing ............................................................................................... 7 1.5.5. Justice, fairness and rights ........................................................................................ 8 1.5.6. Social cohesion.......................................................................................................... 9 1.6. Methodology ............................................................................................................... 11 1.6.1. Methodological approach—Quantitative and Qualitative ......................................... 11 1.6.2. Units of analysis—households and specific cases ................................................... 11 1.6.3. Study Population ...................................................................................................... 12 1.6.4. Sampling procedure ................................................................................................. 12 1.6.4.1. Sample size for survey ......................................................................................... 13 1.6.4.2. Determining the sample size of villages ................................................................ 14 1.6.4.3. Determining the sample size of specific cases ..................................................... 14 1.6.4.4. Selection of villages and households .................................................................... 15 1.6.5. Data collection tools ................................................................................................. 17 1.6.5.1. Survey questionnaire ............................................................................................ 17 1.6.5.2. Interviews: Individual and Focus groups ............................................................... 17 1.6.6. Data analysis and presentation ................................................................................ 18 iii 1.6.7. Respondents and their socio-demographic characteristics ...................................... 18 1.6.7.1. Respondents’ distribution by Gender .................................................................... 18 1.6.7.2. Respondents’ distribution by Age ......................................................................... 19 1.6.7.3. Respondents’ distribution by Marital status ........................................................... 20 1.6.7.4. Respondents’ distribution by Education ................................................................ 20 1.6.7.5. Respondents’ distribution by Occupation .............................................................. 21 1.6.7.6. Respondents’ distribution by Religion ................................................................... 22 1.6.8. Ethical considerations and control measures........................................................... 22 2. CURRENT STATUS OF RECONCILIATION IN RWANDA ..................................................... 24 2.1. Rwandans’ understanding and view of Reconciliation ................................................ 24 2.1.1. Rwandans’ understanding of Reconciliation ............................................................ 24 2.1.2. Parties to Reconciliation in Rwanda ........................................................................ 25 2.2. Necessity and possibility of reconciliation in Rwanda ................................................. 26 2.3. understanding the pastand envisioning the future ...................................................... 27 2.3.1. Understanding of facts about the past of Rwanda ................................................... 28 2.3.2. History teaching in Rwanda ..................................................................................... 30 2.3.3. Rwandans’ commitment to reconciliation ................................................................. 33 2.3.4. Commitment to building the present and envisioning the future .............................. 40 2.3.5. Summary on ‘Understanding the past and envisioning the future of Rwanda’ ......... 45 2.4. Citizenship and identity ............................................................................................... 46 2.4.1. Citizenship and identity toward reconciliation in Rwanda ........................................ 46 2.4.2. Summary on ‘Citizenship and Identity’ ..................................................................... 51 2.5. Political culture............................................................................................................ 51 2.5.1. Trust in institutions ................................................................................................... 51 2.5.2. Citizens’ level of confidence in Leaders ................................................................... 59 2.5.3. Citizens’ participation and empowerment in governance ......................................... 62 2.5.3.1. Citizens’ participation in governance .................................................................... 62 2.5.3.2. Citizens’ empowerment in governance ................................................................. 66 2.5.4. Summary on ‘Political culture’ .................................................................................. 68 2.6. Security and wellbeing ................................................................................................ 69 2.6.1. General security in Rwanda ..................................................................................... 69 2.6.2. Personal security ..................................................................................................... 73 2.6.3. Economic security .................................................................................................... 75 2.6.4. Citizens’ access to basic infrastructures .................................................................. 80 iv 2.6.5. Summary on ‘security and wellbeing’ ....................................................................... 81 2.7. Justice, fairness and rights ......................................................................................... 81 2.7.1. Truth about the divisions and genocide ................................................................... 82 2.7.2. Punishment of divisive and genocidal crimes .......................................................... 83 2.7.3. Compensation of properties looted/destroyed during the genocide ......................... 86 2.7.4. Apology and Forgiveness ........................................................................................ 87 2.7.5. Individual Healing ................................................................................................... 89 2.7.6. Fairness and respect of fundamental human rights ................................................. 93 2.7.7. Summary on Justice, fairness and rights ................................................................. 96 2.8. Social cohesion........................................................................................................... 96 2.8.1. Trust among Rwandans ..........................................................................................