The Greek Church of Cyprus, the Morea and Constantinople during the Frankish Era (1196-1303) ELENA KAFFA A thesis submitted to the University of Wales In candidature for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of History and Archaeology University of Wales, Cardiff 2008 The Greek Church of Cyprus, the Morea and Constantinople during the Frankish Era (1196-1303) ELENA KAFFA A thesis submitted to the University of Wales In candidature for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of History and Archaeology University of Wales, Cardiff 2008 UMI Number: U585150 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U585150 Published by ProQuest LLC 2013. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 ABSTRACT This thesis provides an analytical presentation of the situation of the Greek Church of Cyprus, the Morea and Constantinople during the earlier part of the Frankish Era (1196 - 1303). It examines the establishment of the Latin Church in Constantinople, Cyprus and Achaea and it attempts to answer questions relating to the reactions of the Greek Church to the Latin conquests. It considers the similarities and differences in the establishment in Constantinople, the Morea and Cyprus, the diocesan structure, agreements regarding the fate of the Greek ecclesiastical properties, the payment of tithes and the agreements of 1220 -1222. Moreover it analyses the relations of the Greek Church of Cyprus, the Greek Church of Constantinople and the Morea with the Latin Church. For instance it details the popes’ involvement in the affairs of the Church in these three significant areas, the ecclesiastical differences between the Greek and the Latin Church, the behaviour of the Greek patriarchs, archbishops and bishops within the Greek Church, the reaction of the Greeks towards the establishment of the Latin Church, and significant events such as the martyrdom of the thirteen monks of Kantara and the promulgation of the Bulla Cypria. The third topic area pertains to the relationship of the Greek Church of the Morea, Constantinople and Cyprus with the secular authority. It discusses the attitude of the king of Cyprus, the rulers of the Morea and the emperor of Constantinople towards the problems between the Latin and Greeks, the relationship of the Latin nobility with the Greeks, and the involvement of the crown regarding the ecclesiastical property and possible explanations for the attitude of the Latin crown towards the Greeks. Elena Kaffa August 2008 DECLARATION This work has not previously been accepted in substance for any degree and is not concurrently submitted in candidature for any degree. Signed ..................................................... (candidate) Date ..................................... STATEMENT 1 This thesis is being submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of PhD Signed (candidate) Date .................................... STATEMENT 2 This thesis is the result of my own independent work/investigation, except where otherwise stated. Other sources are acknowledged by explicit references. Signed (candidate) Date ...................................... STATEMENT 3 I hereby give consent for my thesis, if accepted, to be available for photocopying and for inter-library loan, and for the title and summary to be made available to outside organisations. Signed ..................................................... (candidate) Date ..................................... STATEMENT 4: PREVIOUSLY APPROVED BAR ON ACCESS I hereby give consent for my thesis, if accepted, to be available for photocopying and for inter-library loans after expiry of a bar on access previously approved by the Graduate Development Committee. Signed (candidate) Date Contents Acknowledgments______________________________________________________ i List of Abbreviations____________________________________________________ ii Introduction___________________________________________________________ 1 1. Sources for the Ecclesiastical HistayofFrankish Greece and Cypms_____________________ 2 2 Latin Documents______________________________________________________ 2 3. Sources in other medieval European languages (medieval kalian and medieval French) _______ 13 4. Greek ftimaiy Sources (Byzantine Greek and medieval Cypriot Greek) __________________ 14 5. ReoenthistoriograpfayrelatingtDlheecGlesiastk^hisbxy_________________________________22 Chapter One__________________________________________________________ 41 The Establishment of the Latin Church in Constantinople, Cyprus and Achaea 41 6. Was there or was there not apapal plan?_______________________________________ 45 7. Similarities and differences in the establishment of the Church of Constantinople, the Morea and Cyprus ________________________________________________________ 52 8. The stnxmre ofthe Greek Ganxh ofthe Morea, Constantinople and Cypms after the establishment of the Latin Church______________________________________________________56 9. The status ofthe Greek de^gy under the Latin rule ________________________________ 69 10. The Greek Ecclesiastical Roperties and die payment of tidies in Cypms, Constantinople and Achaea 75 11. The importance ofthe agreement of1220-1222__________________________________ 87 Chapter 2 ____________________________________________________________ 92 Relations between the Greek Church of Cyprus, Constantinople and the Morea, and the Latin Church_________________________________________________________ 92 12 Introduction____________________________________________________ 92 13. The ecclesiastical differences between the Greeks and the Latins __________________ 93 14. Papal policy towards the Greek Church__________________________________ 109 15. The reaction ofthe Greekstothe Latin Churches in Constantinople and die Morea, and Cypms 117 16. The involvement of the pope in the affairs of the Greek patriarchate of Constantinople and the Church of the Morea, and the role of the papal legates_________________________ 131 17. The relationship between the Greek patriarch of Constantinople and the Greek archbishops, and the pope, and the Latin patriarch and archbishops ____________________________ 136 18. Relations between the Church of Cyprus and the Latin Church___________________ 140 19. Relations until the Bulla in 1260 ______________________________________ 140 20. The involvement ofthe pope and his legates_______________________________140 21. The relationship between the Greek and Latin archbishops ______________________ 144 22. Relations after the Bulla____________________________________________ 149 23. The involvement of the pope and his legates_______________________________149 24. The election ofthe Greek bishops_____________________________________ 152 25. Later sources__________________________________________________ 156 26. Conclusions___________________________________________________ 158 27. The oath of obedience____________________________________________ 159 28. Legal cases _________________________________________________ 161 29. The relationship between the Greek and Latin archbishops ______________________162 30. The sentence of Excommunication____________________________________ 168 31. Conclusions 175 Chapter 3 ___________________________________________________________ 178 The relationship of the Greek Church of the Morea, Constantinople and Cyprus with the Latin secular authority______________________________________________ 178 Conclusions__________________________________________________________ 203 Bibliography 210 Acknowledgments I am grateful to many people who have provided encouragement and assistance in various ways towards the completion of this thesis. I would first like to express my gratitude and thanks to my supervisor Professor Peter W Edbury for his constant support, helpful comments, and constructive criticism, which have saved this research from various pitfalls. I am also deeply grateful to Dr Chris Schabel for all his help and advice, his useful suggestions and constructive comments, Dr Angel Nicolaou-Konnari for her assistance and her books and Dr Nicholas Coureas for allowing me to use some collections from the Cyprus Research Centre. I would also like to thank Kam Stylianou for her patience and help in correcting the English language, as English is not my first language. In addition, I would like to express my thanks to the A. G. Leventis Foundation for their provision of a generous grant for the academic years 2003-2006. Last but by no means least, I wish to thank my mother for providing moral and financial support throughout my many years of study and research, as well as my late father who inspired me to succeed in my aim and make the dream of my life a reality. List of Abbreviations BEFAR Bibliotheque des Ecole frangaises d ’Athenes et de Rome Cartulary The Cartulary o f the Cathedral o fHoly Wisdom o f Nicosia, eds. N. Coureas - C. Schabel, Nicosia 1997 EKEE Ewexripig rov Kevxpov EmorrjpoviKcbv Epevvcbv EK EKKfaiaiaonKos Krjpvg, Lamaca 1911-1918 KS KvnpicucEQ ZnovSeg. Aekriov