BRITISH SCHOOL OF ARCHAEOLOGY IN EGYPT, AND EGYPTIAN RESEARCH ACCOUNT TWELFTH YEAR, 1906 HYKSOS AND ISRAELITE CITIES W. M. FLINDERS PETRIE HON.D.C.L., LLB., LITT.D., PH.D. F.R.S., F.B.A., HON.F.S.A. (SCOT.) MEMBER OF THE ROYAL IRISH ACADEMY MEMBER OF THE IMPERIAL GERMAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUZ'E CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE SOCIETY OF ANTHROPOLOGY, BERLIN MEMBER OF THE ROMAN SOCIETY OF ANTIIROPOLOGY MEMBER OF THE SOCIETY OF NORTIiERN ANTIQUARIES MEMBER OF THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY EDWARDS PROFESSOR OF EGYPTOLOGY, UNIVEBSITY COLLEGE, LONDON WITH CHAPTERS BY , J. GARROW DUNCAN, B.D. DOUBLE VOLUME LONDON OFFICE OF SCHOOL OF ARCHAEOLOGY UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, GOWER STREET, W.C AND BERNARD QUARITCH, 15 PICCADILLY, W. 1906 PRiNTrt" YIY HAZELL, WATION AND "INBY, L"., LONDON AND AYLESBURY. BRITISH SCHOOL OF ARCHAEOLOGY IN EGYPT, AND EGYPTIAN RESEARCH ACCOUNT gatton : THE EARL OF CROMER, O.M., G.C.B., G.C.M.G., K.C.S.I., Etc., Etc. GENERAL COMMITTEE (*Executive Members) LORDAYEBURY *Prof. ERNESTGARDNER Sir C. SCOTTMONCRIEFN WALTERBAILY Prof. PERCYGARDNER ROBERTMOND HENRYBALFOUR Rt. Hon. Sir G. T. GOLDIE Prof. MONTAGUE FREIHERRVON BISSING Prof. GOWLAND WALTERMORRISON Prof. T. G. BONNEV Mrs. J. R. GREEN P. E. NEWBERRY Rt. HON. JAMESBRYCE Dr. A. C. HADDON Dr. PAGEMAY Prof. J. B. BURY JESSE HAWORTH Prof. H. F. PELHAM "SOMERSCLARKE Dr. A. C. HEADLAM F. W. PERCIVAL EDWARDCLODD *Sir ROBERTHENSLEY (Chairman) Dr. PINCHES W. E. CRUM D. G. HOGARTH Dr. G. W. PROTHERO Prof. BOVDDAWKINS Sir H. H. HOWORTH Dr. G. REISNER Prof. S. DILL Baron A. VON HWGEL Sir W. RICHM~ND *Miss ECKENSTEIN Prof. MACALISTER Prof. F. W. RIDGEWAY Dr. GREGORYFOSTER Dr. R. W. MACAN Mrs. STRONG Dr. J. G. FRAZER Prof. MAHAFFV Mrs. TIRARD ALANGARDINER *J. G. MILNE E. TOWRYWHYTE Treasurer-*F. G. HILTON PRICE Director-Prof. FLINDERSPETRIE Uonorary Secretaries-Mrs. KILDAP~RIE and *Dr. J. H. WALKER. The need of providing for the training of students is even greater in Egypt than it is in Greece and Italy; and the relation of England to Egypt at present makes it the more suitable that support should be given to a British school in that land. This body is the only such agency, and is also the basis of the excavations of Prof. Flinders Petrie, who has had many students associated with his work in past years. The large results of this centre of work in the subjects of the prehistoric ages, the early dynasties, the relations of prehistoric Greece with Egypt, the papyri, and the classical paintings, have shown how much need there is of maintaining these excavations in full action. The present year's work on the Temple of Onias, a Hyksos cemetery and fort, the cemetery of Goshen, and the town of RaamsSs in Succoth, has carried on the course of historical discovery. Active support is required to ensure the continuance of such work, which depends entirely on personal contributions, and each subscriber receives the annual volume. The antiquities not retained by the Egyptian Government are presented to Public Museums, after the Annual Exhibition, during July, at University College. The accounts are audited by a Chartered Accountant, and published in the Annual Report. Treasurer : F. G. HILTONPRICE, Child's Bank, I, Fleet Street, E.C. ADDRESS THE HON. SECRETARY, BRITISH SCHOOL, UNIVERSITY COLLEGE, GOWER STREET, LONDON, W.C. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION SECT. PAQB. 22. Figure of Admiral Hor 18 SECT. PAGE . 23. Graves of XXVIth dynasty onwards '9 I. Organization . I . 24. Stone objects. 19 2. Results of the season . I . 3. Previous work . 3 CHAPTER IV CHAPTER I THE TEMPLE OF ONlAS THE HYKSOS CAMP 4. Conditions of the site . 25 Descriptions by Josephus . d. '9 5. Course of excavations . 26. Accordance with remains . 20 27. The outer fortification 21 6. The foundations and size . 4 . 7. The bank and stucco slope . 5 28. Formation of the mound . 22 8. The entrance. 6 29. Approaches to the temple . 23 g. The stone wall . 7 30. The Temple . 23 8 31. The Castle . 24 10. Later history . 32. The masonry. 25 I I. Origin of the camp . 33. History of the temple . a6 12. Position of Avaris . 9 . -.34. Small objects found . zh 35. Summary . CHAPTER I1 THE HYKSOS CEMETERY CHAPTER V 13, Material for study . I0 TELL ER RETABEH (RAAMSES) 14. Order of the graves . I1 15. Plans of the graves . 36. The site and its results . 16. The red pottery . '4 37. The first city wall . 17. The earlier remains . '4 38. The child-sacrifice. 18. The scarabs . '5 39. The great house . 40. Temple of Kamessu I1 . 41. The later walls . CHAPTER 111 42 The bricks . THE LATER REMAINS 43. Pls. xxviii-xxxii, the Temple . 44. Pls, xxxii-xxxiv c, the amulets . 19. Graves of XVIIIth dynasty . 16 45. Pls. xxxv B-xxxvi B, bronze and pottery 20. Remains of XIXth-XXIInd dynasties . 17 46. P1. xxxvi C, stone and weights . 21. Graves of XXIInd-XXVlth dynasties . 17 47. Skull measurements . v CONTENTS CHAPTER V1 CHAPTER IX THE CEMETERY OF GOSHEN TELL YEHUD OR GHEYTA BY J. GARROWDUNCAN, B.D. BY J. GARROWDUNCAN, B.D. SET. PACE SECT. PAGE 48. The district . 35 76. The site . 54 49. The work . 35 77. Roman garrison . 55 $0. Disposition of the bodies . 36 78. Types of graves . 55 51. The dating . 36 79. Disposition of the body. 56 52. Classes of graves . 37 80. The pottery . 57 53. Sand-pit graves, XVIIIth dynasty . 37 81. Stone vases . 58 , 54. n ,, XIXth-XXVIth dynasties 39 82. Ironwork . 58 83. Bronze work G 59 55. 9, ,, Roman . 39 . 56. Side-scoop graves . , 41 84. Silver, gold, and ivory . 59 57. Bricked graves - 41 85. Beads and scarabs. 60 58. Pottery coffins . 42 86. Plaster work . 60 59. Ziyeh and pot burials . 43 87. Inscribed stones . 60 60. Pot burials of children . 43 88. Double-ledge graves . 61 6t. Stone and wood coffins. 44 89. Brick-built graves . 62 62. Contents of graves . 44 go. Brick-lined plastered graves . 63 63. Periods of cemetery . 45 91. Side-scoop graves . 64 92. Pot and coffin burials . 64 93. Belbeys . 65 CHAPTER V11 94. The mound . 65 THE CEMETERY OF SUWA CHAPTER X THE ROMAN SITES 64. The district . 65. Classes of graves . 66. Sand-pit graves . 95. The records of sites . 66 67. Pit tombs . 96. The Itinerary measure used . 66 68. Four-chambered tombs. 97. The identifications . 66 69. Shaft and ch~mbertombs 70. Disposition of the body. 71. Graves of Ali Marah . CHAPTER XI THE HISTORY OF THE HYKSOS PERIOD CHAPTER V111 SHAGHANBEH 98. The Babylonian kings. 67 99. Types of Hyksos scarabs . 67 BY J. GARROWDUNCAN, B.D. 100. Order of the kings . 68 101. Manetho's list of kings . 69 72. Position . 52 102. Titles of the dynasties. 70 73. Two ages of fortifying . 52 . 103 View of the Hyksos period. 70 74. Contents of houses . 53 75. The granaries . 54 LIST OF PLATES WITH PAGE REFERENCES TO THE DESCRIPTIONS TELLEL YEHUDIYEH TEMPLEOF ONIAS (YEHUDIYEH) PAGE PAGE I. Stone vases, etc., XIIth dynasty. 14 XXII. Plan of existingremains . 21-4 11. Plan of Hyksos camp. 3-4 XXIII. Plan as restored . 21-4 111. Sections of Hyksos camp . 4-7 XXIV. Model and views . 21, ZZ,24 IV. Model and views of Hyksos camp . 5-6 XXV. Stairway and wall . 21, 23, 25 IVA. Camp face, stone figures, scarabs 5, 14, 15 XXVI. Battlement and wall . 21,25, 26 V. Hyksos grave, daggers, and pottery XXVII. Cornices, pottery, etc. 22,25,26 VI. Hyksos daggers and objects . VII. Hyksos scarabs and pottery . 11-14 VIII. ,, ,, I, VIIIA. Hyksos pottery . XXVIII. Granite stele, Ramessu I1 ; base, VIIIB. ,, ,, . 15 Ramessu I11 . 31 1 XXIX. Scene of Ramessu I1 IX. Scarabs, XIIth-XVIIth dynasty . 15 . X. Hyksos pottery . .II-14 XXX. .,.. .. 129-31 XI. Scarabs, XVIIIth dynasty onward . 15 XXXI. Sculptures . 31 XII. Hyksos and later tomb plans . 12-13 XXXII. Dyad, stele, amulets, and bowl . 31 XIIA. Black-edged pottery . 16 XXXIIA. Khety weight, deposit, great house 32,29 XIIB. Group of Tahutmes 111 . 16 XXXIII. Scarabs. 32 XIIc. Pottery . 16 XXXIV. Groups and Ramessu I11 deposit. 32 XIID. ,, . 16 XXXIVA. Tombs, groups . 32 XIII. Pottery, Amenhotep I1 age , . 16 XXXIVB. ,, 32 XIV. Pottery coffin of Men . I7 XXXIVc. Glazed figures and eyes . 33 XIVA. Pottery coffin and cist, etc. I7 XXXV. Plan . .z8-30 XV. Admiral Hor,coffins,and corn grinders 17,18 XXXVA. Plan of temple, tombs, and house 30, zg XVI. Dyad of Ramessu, Merenptah column 8, 17 XXXVB. Bronze work . 33 XVIA. Ramessu 11, Merenptah, Ramessu 111 17 XXXVc. Pottery of groups . 33 XVII. Foreign pottery, XXth dynasty . 17 XXXVI. Foreign pottery . 33 XVIIA. Burial jars and coffins . 17 XXXVIA. Undated pottery . 33 XVIII. Amulets and beads, XXIInd dynasty 18 XXXVIB. ,, 33 XIX. ,, XXIIIrd dynasty 18 XXXVIc. Stone work . 33 XIXA. ,, glass eye beads . 18 XIXn. ,, quadruple eye beads . 18 XIXc. ,, degraded quadruple eye beads 18 XIXD. Sharanba and Yehudiyeh . 548 I9 XXXVII. Scarabs 37-46 XX. Figure of Admiral Hor, XXVIth XXXVIIA. Rings and necklaces . 37-46 dynasty. 19 XXXVIIB. Necklaces, scarabs, and glass 37-46 XXA. Bronze and vases, XXVIth dynasty . 19 XXXVIII. Amulets and ornaments . 37-46 XXI. Green glazed bottl~s,XXVIthdynasty 19 XXXVIIIA. Foreign vases, situlae, and glass 37-46 XXIA. Pottery, Ptolemaic and Roman . I9 XXXIX. Altars . 5451 XXIB. Stone and metal implements . 19 XXXIXA. ,, . 5451 vii viii LIST OF PLATES PAGE GHEYTA XXXIXB. Foreign pottery . 37-46 PAGE XXXIXc. Pottery, XVIIIth dynasty . 37-46 XL. Jewellery . 59-60 XXXIXD. ,, XVIII-XIXth dynasties 37-46 XLA. Mirrors and gypsum boxes .