PROVEN SUCCESSES IN AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT Edited by David J. Spielman and Rajul Pandya-Lorch PROVEN SUCCESSES IN AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT Edited by David J. Spielman and Rajul Pandya-Lorch sustainable solutions for ending hunger and poverty Supported by the CGIAR Copyright © 2009 International Food Policy Research Institute. All rights reserved. For permission to republish, contact [email protected]. International Food Policy Research Institute 2033 K Street, NW Washington, DC 20006-1002 USA T.: +1-202-862-5600 F.: +1-202-467-4439 E.: [email protected] www.ifpri.org DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2499/9780896296619BK Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Millions fed : proven successes in agricultural development / [edited by] David J. Spielman and Rajul Pandya-Lorch. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-0-89629-661-9 (alk. paper) 1. Agricultural development projects--Developing countries. 2. Agriculture and state--Developing countries. I. Spielman, David J. II. Pandya-Lorch, Rajul. HD1417M55 2009 338.1’8091724--dc22 2009044452 ISBN: 10-digit: 0-89629-661-X 13-digit: 978-0-89629-661-9 Cover Photo credits Cover images from left to right: © Richard Lord, © iStockphoto, © CRS/David Snyder, © Jan Banning/PANOS, © CRS/David Snyder, © Klaus von Grebmer/IFPRI. Cover design/illustration and book design/layout: Joan K. Stephens/JKS Design. Contents List of Tables . ii List of Figures . iii List of Boxes . iv Acknowledgments . v Foreword Joachim von Braun and Prabhu Pingali . vii Chapter 1 Fifty Years of Progress David J. Spielman and Rajul Pandya-Lorch . 1 Chapter 2 Fighting a “Shifty Enemy”: The international collaboration to contain wheat rusts H. J. Dubin and John P. Brennan. 19 Chapter 3 Transforming Agriculture: The Green Revolution in Asia Peter B. R. Hazell . 25 Chapter 4 Breeding an “Amaizing” Crop: Improved maize in Kenya, Malawi, Zambia, and Zimbabwe Melinda Smale and T. S. Jayne . 33 Chapter 5 Resisting Viruses and Bugs: Cassava in Sub-Saharan Africa Felix Nweke . 41 Chapter 6 Seeing the Forest Through the Trees: Community forestry in Nepal Hemant Ojha, Lauren Persha, and Ashwini Chhatre . 47 Chapter 7 Re-Greening the Sahel: Farmer-led innovation in Burkina Faso and Niger Chris Reij, Gray Tappan, and Melinda Smale . 53 Chapter 8 Innovating in the Pampas: Zero-tillage soybean cultivation in Argentina Eduardo Trigo, Eugenio Cap, Valeria Malach, and Federico Villarreal . 59 Chapter 9 Leaving the Plow Behind: Zero-tillage rice-wheat cultivation in the Indo-Gangetic Plains Olaf Erenstein . 65 Chapter 10 Pumping up Production: Shallow tubewells and rice in Bangladesh Mahabub Hossain. 71 Chapter 11 Pushing the Yield Frontier: Hybrid rice in China Jiming Li, Yeyun Xin, and Longping Yuan. .77 Chapter 12 Improving Crops for Arid Lands: Pearl millet and sorghum in India Carl E. Pray and Latha Nagarajan . 83 Chapter 13 Navigating through Reforms: Cotton reforms in Burkina Faso Jonathan Kaminski, Derek Headey, and Tanguy Bernard. 89 Chapter 14 Unlocking the Market: Fertilizer and maize in Kenya Joshua Ariga and T. S. Jayne . 97 i Chapter 15 Counting on Beans: Mungbean improvement in Asia Subramanyam Shanmugasundaram, J. D. H. Keatinge, and Jacqueline d’Arros Hughes. 103 Chapter 16 Conquering the Cattle Plague: The global effort to eradicate rinderpest Peter Roeder and Karl Rich. 109 Chapter 17 Connecting the Milk Grid: Smallholder dairy in India Kenda Cunningham . 117 Chapter 18 Farming the Aquatic Chicken: Improved tilapia in the Philippines Sivan Yosef . 125 Chapter 19 Crossing the River While Feeling the Rocks: Land-tenure reform in China John W. Bruce and Zongmin Li. 131 Chapter 20 Exiting from Collective Agriculture: Land-tenure reform in Vietnam Michael Kirk and Nguyen Do Anh Tuan. 139 Chapter 21 Diversifying into Healthy Diets: Homestead food production in Bangladesh Lora Iannotti, Kenda Cunningham, and Marie Ruel . 145 Annexes Annex A Map of Case Studies . 152 Annex B Methodology David J. Spielman, Rajul Pandya-Lorch, Kenda Cunningham, and Sivan Yosef. 154 Annex C Improving the Proof: Impact Assessment in Agricultural Development Mywish K. Maredia. 157 Annex D Advisory Committee Members and IFPRI Project Team . 161 Annex E List of Contributors. 162 Annex F Discussion Papers. 165 Tables Table 2.1 Developing country losses due to wheat rust diseases. 20 Table 3.1 Annual growth rates in cereal production in Asia, 1967–82 (%). 29 Table 4.1 Maize in East and Southern Africa, 2000–05 . 34 Table 4.2 Maize performance in Kenya, Zimbabwe, Zambia, and Malawi . 37 Table 6.1 Community forestry impacts in Nepal, c. 2008. 48 Table 21.1 Select impacts of homestead food production programs in Bangladesh . 147 ii Figures Figure 3.1 Growth of irrigation and fertilizer use during the Green Revolution in Asia. 26 Figure 3.2 Share of harvested area under modern varieties, 1965–2000. 27 Figure 8.1 Area under grain and oilseed cultivation using zero-tillage cultivation, 1991–2008 . 62 Figure 8.2 Argentina’s contribution to global soybean production, 1971–2007 . 63 Figure 9.1 Financial advantage of zero tillage over conventional tillage for wheat, 2003–04. 67 Figure 10.1 Contribution of boro rice to growth in rice production, 1950–2002. 73 Figure 10.2 Trends in rice production and price, 1970–2006. 74 Figure 11.1 Average yields for hybrid rice seed production in China. 79 Figure 11.2 Rice yields and acreage in China, 1950–2008 . 80 Figure 12.1 Pearl millet yields and downy mildew, 1949–50 to 2006–07. 84 Figure 12.2 Yields of pearl millet and sorghum, three-year averages, 1960–61 to 2007–08 . 87 Figure 13.1 Average annual cotton seed production, 1980–84 to 2005–07. 92 Figure 14.1 Trends in fertilizer consumption, commercial imports, and donor-financed imports, 1989–90 to 2008–09. 100 Figure 15.1 Estimated area under mungbean before and after the intervention . 105 Figure 16.1 Exports of beef products from Pakistan, 1992–2006. 113 Figure 16.2 Status of accreditation of rinderpest freedom, 2009 . 115 Figure 17.1 Operation Flood’s geographic coverage, 1970–96. 119 Figure 17.2 Cooperative growth during and after Operation Flood, 1970–2006. 121 Figure 17.3 Production and per capita availability of milk in India, 1950–2008. 121 Figure 18.1 Tilapia production in the Philippines, 1980–2007 . ..