Nietzschean Allegory: The Perversion of Apollonian and Dionysian Beauty in No Country for Old Men and There Will be Blood Tom Cobb University of Birmingham Abstract. In his 1872 book The Birth of Tragedy, Nietzsche argues that beauty emerges from the combination of the ‘Apollonian’, which derives from the Greek god of wisdom, and the ‘Dionysian’, a force personified by the Greek god of chaos and religious ecstasy. This article explores an allegorical interpretation of Nietzsche’s dichotomy in two 2007 Westerns and literary adaptations, No Country for Old Men and There Will be Blood. Drawing on political readings of these films and on the history of Apollonian and Dionysian allegory, I postulate that these animi frame the ideological conflicts of post-9/11 America, supplanting the exultation of Nietzsche’s original ideal of beauty with dysphoria. The article first considers Douglas Kellner’s analysis, which champions both pictures for their allegorical and philosophical properties. It then delineates Nietzsche’s understanding of the Apollonian and Dionysian. It subsequently applies these phenomena to No Country for Old Men and its representation of an America plagued by sectarian violence and denuded of authority. I follow the evocation of this declinist subtext with an analysis of There Will be Blood, where I argue that the Apollonian and Dionysian serve to satirize the Bush administration’s state of imperial overstretch and fracturing electoral coalition. * * * * * In his 2010 book Cinema Wars: Hollywood Film and Politics in the Bush-Cheney Era, the sociologist and cultural historian Douglas Kellner argues that two 2007 Westerns provided ‘allegories of the contemporary era’.1 The power of these allegories, which Kellner sees as allusive to the anxieties of post-9/11 America, became accentuated by storylines that contained bathetic and nihilistic representations of iconic philosophical precepts. Kellner postulates that the Coen Brothers’ adaptation of Cormac McCarthy’s 2005 novel No Country for Old Men conveyed an ‘anti-Bush-Cheney allegory where the law and patriarchy 1 Douglas Kellner, Cinema Wars: Hollywood Film and Politics in the Bush-Cheney Era (Chichester: Blackwell, 2010), p. 15. Working Papers in the Humanities vol. 12 (2018), 000–000 © Modern Humanities Research Association 2018 Nietzschean Allegory 61 are impotent to deal with terror’, a polemic realized by its ‘grim vision of an existentialism without the heroism of authentic action, self-creativity, or self- coming advanced by Nietzsche, Heidegger, Sartre and others’.2 A comparable allegory is evident to Kellner in There Will be Blood, Paul Thomas Anderson’s loose adaptation of Upton Sinclair’s 1927 novel Oil!. Referencing Nietzsche’s seminal 1901 work The Will to Power, Kellner argues that the rise of oil baron Daniel Plainview forms ‘a scathing denunciation of a hypermasculine American will-to-power’, allegorizing ‘George W. Bush and Dick Cheney’s invasion of Iraq’.3 This article builds on Kellner’s analysis by considering how the early scenes of both pictures use Nietzsche’s dichotomy of Apollonian and Dionysian beauty to frame their political subtexts. Why apply this framework, especially when philosophers with a methodological affinity with cinema, such as Deleuze, offer valuable approaches? Equally, why should I focalize this interaction, which derives from Nietzsche’s 1872 work The Birth of Tragedy, and not the philosopher’s other, better-known concepts? This can, in part, be explained through the comparable cultural polarities of the late Bush era and the Germany of 1872. Writing soon after the Prussian victory at Alsace-Lorraine in 1871, Nietzsche prescribes the inevitability of the Dionysian, a state of chaos, irrationality, and suffering that would counteract the Apollonian rationalism of the nineteenth century. In 2007 America, the Bush administration, beset by an ongoing battle with religious terrorism abroad and an escalating subprime mortgage crisis at home, struggled to maintain America’s reputation as a stable and arguably, Apollonian hegemon. This is the contextual rationale for detecting this dichotomy in No Country for Old Men and There Will be Blood. A major difference from Nietzsche’s 1872 writing is that instead of personifying renewal, both films reframe Apollonian and Dionysian notions of beauty to allegorize a contemporary dysphoria. No Country for Old Men is set in the West Texas of 1980 while There Will be Blood begins in 1898 California. Apollonian figures such as Sheriff Ed Tom Bell and Daniel Plainview encounter forms of Dionysian chaos that analogize a post- 9/11 conflict between American capitalist dominance and forces suggesting its decline. I posit that their renditions of Nietzschean philosophy convey the loss of America’s hegemonic authority, attesting to the relevance of The Birth of Tragedy for cinematic allegory. Before I explicate this process, I must first explain Nietzsche’s ideal of a healthy interplay between the Apollonian and Dionysian animi. The Birth of Tragedy emerged from Nietzsche’s perception of contemporaneous Germany. In this text, he sees Germany’s cultural life as stultified by a sole reliance on the ‘Apollonian’, a phrase derived from the Greek god Apollo. The Apollonian promotes an ostensibly noble ambition towards a ‘higher truth’ and 2 Ibid., p. 17. 3 Ibid. 62 Tom Cobb ‘the beautiful appearance of the inner world of the imagination’.4 This was based in a rationalism that stressed the self-perfection of the individual, a process of ‘individuation’ driven by ‘moderation’ and ‘self-knowledge’.5 Nietzsche cites this in Socrates, who drew on ‘an expression of contempt and superiority’ and a ‘divine naiveté and certainty’.6 The Dionysian’s beauty contrastingly invokes emotional extremes and a brute realism in human affairs. Stemming from the Greek god Dionysus, the Dionysian provokes ‘fear and horror’, as well as ‘asceticism, spirituality, and duty’.7 These saturnine qualities sit alongside chaotic and ecstatic characteristics. The Apollonian dwells in ‘plastic energies’, meaning the individual and visual arts of sculpture and painting, whilst the Dionysian encompasses collective expressions, such as the ‘Bacchic choruses of the Greeks’, and later the ‘St. John’s and St. Vitus’s dancers’.8 These ceremonies emphasize an irrational ‘intoxication’ and differ markedly from the ‘dream’ of Apollonian sensibility.9 Nietzsche apotheosizes arts in which the Apollonian comes to terms with the Dionysian dark side. This included the plays of Athenian dramatist Aeschylus, who depicts protagonists forced to reconcile the ‘inflexible flaw of individuation’ with a ‘monstrous transgression of nature’.10 The hubristic actions of Oedipus and Prometheus signal ‘a collision of different worlds’, because the Apollonian protagonists suffer for their ‘step outside the spell of individuation’.11 To Paul Geyer, these characterizations became ‘employed to present the Dionysian reality and its redemptive potential’.12 Literary and sociological analysis identifies subversion of this philosophical rapprochement. To Wit Pietrzak, Yeats’s Sailing to Byzantium — a poem that No Country for Old Men references thematically — boldly represents Nietzsche’s dichotomy: the death of its elderly narrator unites the ‘raging Dionysian energy with the Apollonian order’.13 Louis Gulino applies this frictional interplay to the 9/11 attacks. Analyzing Richard Drew’s ‘Falling Man’ photograph, he argues that ‘Apollonian pretenses’ and a hegemonic ambition towards ‘American industry, security, and military might’ collapsed next to the ‘Dionysian content of the 9/11 photo record’ and ‘the uniquely tragic nature of the ugliness on display’, which undercuts ‘Apollonian authority’.14 4 Friedrich Nietzsche, The Birth of Tragedy, trans. by Douglas Smith (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000), p. 21. 5 Ibid., p. 31. 6 Ibid., pp. 74–75. 7 Ibid., pp. 26–27. 8 Ibid., p. 22. 9 Ibid., p. 24. 10 Ibid., p. 55. 11 Ibid., p. 57. 12 Paul Guyer, ‘The German Sublime After Kant’, in The Sublime: From Antiquity to the Present, ed. by Timothy M. Costelloe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), pp. 102–18 (p. 116). 13 Wit Pietrzak, Myth, Language and Tradition: A Study of Yeats, Stevens, and Eliot in the Context of Heidegger’s Search for Being (Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2011), p. 124. 14 Louis Gulino, ‘Tracing Apollo’s Descent: Nietzsche’s Aesthetic Ontology and the Myth Nietzschean Allegory 63 No Country for Old Men echoes Pietzrak’s and Gulino’s readings. Set in the year of Reagan’s first election victory in 1980, the film’s opening exposes this conservative annus mirrabilis, and its implications of America’s hegemonic renewal, as mere Apollonian illusion. Its title references the first line of Sailing to Byzantium.15 Like the ageing artist who begins Yeats’s poem by bemoaning a land with ‘sensual music’ and ‘unageing intellect’, the introduction of Sheriff Ed Tom Bell displays the Apollonian aspiration for wisdom.16 As a montage portrays a languid West Texas dawn, Bell recounts the benevolent rule of his forefathers, who were also lawmen; he notes how ‘some of the old time sheriffs never even wore a gun’ and that ‘you can’t help but compare yourself against the old timers’.17 Bell’s longing recalls the Apollonian’s retreat to ‘powerful misleading delusions and pleasurable illusions’.18 His alienation from the Dionysian occurs in the latter part of his monologue, which distorts Nietzsche’s dichotomy and plagues the beauteous Texan landscape with philosophic ambiguity. He recalls a ‘boy I sent to the electric chair at Huntsville Hill’, for killing a ‘fourteen year old girl’.19 This is a killing framed by contradiction — Bell remembers how the murderer informed him ‘there wasn’t any passion to the killing’, an admission that belied the newspaper reportage, which ‘said it was a crime of passion’.20 He also recollects the murderer’s confession that ‘he’d been planning to kill somebody for about as long as he could remember’, and ‘if they turned him out he’d do it again’.21 The murderer’s perfunctory rationalisation for his crime denudes the Dionysian’s ‘monstrous transgression’ of its passionate, chaotic dimension.