ISSN-0096-414X BULLETIN of the SOUTH CAROLINA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE INCLUDING 2004 MEETING PROGRAM VOLUME LXVI 2004 THE SOUTH CAROLINA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE FOUNDED 1924, COLUMBIA, SOUTH CAROLINA OFFICERS 2003-2004 Dwight Camper, President ............................................................ Clemson University David J. Stroup, President-Elect ......................................... Francis Marion University James Privett, Vice-President ............................ University of South Carolina, Sumter Peter King, Secretary .......................................................... Francis Marion University John L Safko, Treasurer ................................ University of South Carolina, Columbia COUNCIL William Pirkle, Immediate Past President .................................................. USC Aiken Valgene Dunham, Past President ...................................... Coastal Carolina University Daniel J Antion, Council........................................................................ USC (Retired) Karin Beaty, Council ....................................................... Midlands Technical College Jane P. Ellis .................................................................................. Presbyterian College Michael Ferguson ............................................................. Coastal Carolina University Peter M. Fichte ...................................................................................... Coker College Martha Fout,Council ......................................................... Coastal Carolina University Jerry Howe, Council ......................................................................... Converse College R Kenneth Marcus, Council.......................................................... Clemson University Lucia Pirisi-Creek ................................................................. USC School of Medicine Ron Shelton, Council ....................................................................... SC State Museum George Tempel, Council .................................................................................... MUSC Laura Thompson, Council .............................................................. Furman University Hans Conrad Zur Loye , Council .......................................................... USC Columbia Fred R. Clayton, Sandhills MESAS Director ......................... Francis Marion College Frank Collins, Low Country MESAS Director .................... Berkeley Dorchester Hub Mike Farmer, Newsletter Editor ........................ Governor’s School for Arts and Hum David K. Ferris, Journal, Bulletin Editor ......................................... USC Spartanburg Karen Fox, Executive Director,SCJAS ................................. USC School of Medicine Betty Griffith, Graduate Research Awards Chair .................................. USC Columbia Dana Hutto, SC Science Council President .......................................... USC Columbia Don Jordan, Director, MESAS, AAAS/NAAS Rep. ............................ USC Columbia Mike McClure, SCACT President ...................................... Richland NE High School David McQuillan, Curator .................................................................... USC Columbia Lisle Mitchell, SCRAAB Rep. ............................................................. USC Columbia Lucia A. Pirisi-Creek, Govenor’s Award Chair..................... USC School of Medicine Tom Reeves, Bulletin Advisory Committee..................... Midlands Technical College Linda Sinclair, Science Week/SDE Rep. .............................................. USC Columbia David Slimmer, High School Research Awards Chair ..................... Lander University Tina Webb, Science Fair Coordinator.................................. Hilton Head High School Rosemary K Wicker,Western MESAS Director .............................. Lander University Ann Mohr, SCCTM President BULLETIN of the SOUTH CAROLINA ACADEMY OF SCIENCE INCLUDING 2004 MEETING PROGRAM VOLUME LXVI 2004 Errata: Some printed copies of the 2004 Bulletin were incorrectly labeled as volume “LXIV” The South Carolina Academy of Science, together with the South Carolina Junior Academy of Science, is the only statewide interdisciplinary science organization whose membership includes: high school students, teachers, administrators, college students, professors, scientists, related professionals, parents of students, college presidents, business executives, small and large businesses, financial institutions, and institutions of higher education. Its purposes are: · To promote the creation and dissemination of scientific knowledge within the state of South Carolina by stimulating scientific research and publication. · To improve the quality of science education in the state of South Carolina. · To foster the interaction of business, industry, government, education and the academic scientific community. · To improve public understanding and appreciation of science through support of the Junior Academy of Science. The South Carolina of Science (SCAS) was organized in 1924, and in 1927 the Academy affiliated with the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Publication of the Bulletin of the Academy began in 1935, and in 1973 the Newsletter was established as a vehicle for communication among members. Beginning in the 1960’s, industry and business joined academic institutions in support of the Academy and have helped to set goals to aid and improve the development of science in South Carolina. Its annual meetings provide a forum for the exchange of scientific information among members. Sponsorship of numerous awards, science programs and student research projects are yearly activities of the Academy. i TABLE OF CONTENTS OFFICERS, COUNCIL MEMBERS ........................................ Inside Front Cover PURPOSE OF THE ACADEMY ............................................................................. i TABLE OF CONTENTS ......................................................................................... ii PATRONS AND DONORS ..................................................................................... 1 PAST TEACHERS OF THE YEAR ........................................................................ 2 TEACHER OF THE YEAR AWARD ...................................................................... 3 PAST GOVERNOR’S AWARD RECIPIENTS ....................................................... 4 GOVERNOR’S AWARD FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH & SCIENCE AWARENESS .......................................................................................................... 5 SCHEDULE OF ANNUAL MEETING .................................................................. 8 TOPICAL SESSIONS ........................................................................................... 10 Field Biology ................................................................................................... 10 Cellular Biology ............................................................................................. 11 Molecular Biology I ........................................................................................ 12 Molecular Biology II ...................................................................................... 14 Math/Computer Science/Statistics ............................................................... 15 Medicine/Public Health ................................................................................. 17 Chemistry/Biochemistry I ............................................................................. 18 Chemistry/Biochemistry II ............................................................................ 20 Geography/Geology/Meteorology .................................................................. 21 Physics/Astronomy I ...................................................................................... 23 Physics/Astronomy II ..................................................................................... 24 Poster Presentations...................................................................................... 26 SOUTH CAROLINA JUNIOR ACADEMY OF SCIENCES ABSTRACTS .......................................................................................................... 35 SOUTH CAROLINA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES ABSTRACTS ....................... 67 REPORT OF THE PRESIDENT / 2005 ANNUAL MEETING ........................ 151 UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH AWARDS COMMITTEE ................................ REPORT OF THE SECRETARY / COUNCIL MEETING MINUTES ............ 152 MESAS/CONTEST RESULTS ........................................................................... 161 SCAS DISCOVERY FAIR ................................................................................... 164 CERTIFIED METRICATION SPECIALIST PROGRAM ................................ 166 SCIENCE & ENGINEERING FAIR REPORTS ............................................... 168 SCJAS FINANCIAL REPORT ........................................................................... 177 SCAS & SCJAS TRUST FUND.......................................................................... 177 TREASURER’S REPORT ................................................................................... 178 MESAS FINANCIAL REPORTS ....................................................................... 179 SCAS MEMBERSHIP LIST ............................................................................... 180 AUTHOR INDEX ...............................................................................................