The The Texas Judicial System Texas Judicial System OFFICE OF COURT ADMINISTRATION Prepared by the Office of Court Administration P.O. BOX 12066 AUSTIN, TEXAS 78711-2066 512.463.1625 www.txcourts.gov September 2014 FINANCING THE COURT SYSTEM Over the past two decades, State appropriations provided for the operation of the judicial branch of the government has averaged about one-third of one percent of the total State budget. Most of the money used to operate the courts within the Texas judicial system is provided by the counties or cities, with a more limited amount of funds provided by the State. The State provides full funding only for the operation of the Supreme Court, the Court of Criminal Appeals, the Third Court of Appeals located in Austin, and certain statewide agencies of the judicial branch. It provides a basic appropriation for the operation of the remaining 13 Courts of Appeals. State appropriations provide the entire salaries of the justices of the Supreme Court and judges of the Court of Criminal Appeals; they also provide a base salary for the justices of the courts of appeals and the judges of the district courts, which by statute may be supplemented by local governments. The 254 counties of the State provide funds for operation of the district courts, and provide most of the funding for constitutional county courts, county courts at law, and justice of the peace courts. In most instances, the counties also provide supplemental pay to the judges of the courts of appeals and district courts serving their areas. City governments provide the entire funding for the operations of their own municipal courts. 21 15-member board charged with developing and overseeing the design The Texas Judicial System and implementation of a coordinated statewide computer communication network and comprehensive justice information Judicial Authority system. The judicial power of the State of Texas is derived from Article 5, The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, the Presiding Judge of the Court Section 1 of the Texas Constitution, which provides: of Criminal Appeals, the Chief Justices of each of the 14 Courts of Appeals, and the judges of each of the trial courts are generally The judicial power of this State shall be vested in one Supreme Court, in responsible for the administration of their respective courts. one Court of Criminal Appeals, in Courts of Appeals, in District Courts, in County Courts, in Commissioners Courts, in Courts of Justices of the Peace, To aid in the administration of justice in the trial courts, the State is and in such other courts as may be provided by law. divided into nine Administrative Judicial Regions. The Governor designates one of the active or retired district judges residing in each The Legislature may establish such other courts as it may deem Administrative Judicial Region as the Presiding Judge. The Presiding necessary and prescribe the jurisdiction and organization thereof, and Judge of an Administrative Judicial Region may temporarily assign an may conform the jurisdiction of the district and other inferior courts active or retired judge to serve on a district court or county court at thereto. law in the Administrative Judicial Region whenever the need arises. (As amended November 4, 1980, effective September 1, 1981.) The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court convenes periodic conferences of the nine Presiding Judges to ensure the efficient administration of justice in the trial courts of the State. 20 1 INTRODUCTION TO THE TEXAS Code establishes professional standards which the State Constitution makes mandatory for judges. JUDICIAL SYSTEM In addition, the Constitution establishes a special commission to consider citizen complaints concerning the conduct of judges which is THE TEXAS CONSTITUTION clearly inconsistent with the proper performance of their duties, or which casts public discredit upon the judiciary or the administration of The basic law of the State of Texas is set out in the Constitution of the justice. This Commission on Judicial Conduct may reprimand or State of Texas, a document adopted by the voters of the State in 1876 censure a judge, or recommend to a review tribunal that the judge be and amended by them many times since then. The fundamental legal removed from office. The Commission may also suspend from office rights which all residents of the State possess—such as the right to trial judges who are indicted for felony offenses or charged with official by a jury—are set out in the Constitution in what is called the Bill of misconduct. It does not, however, review the legal results of a trial as Rights. this is within the jurisdiction of the appellate courts. The Constitution also contains basic principles for the operation of the state government and legal system. It separates the powers of the government by dividing it into three distinct branches or departments: JUDICIAL ADMINISTRATION legislative, executive, and judicial. The Supreme Court of Texas has general responsibility for the efficient administration of the Texas judicial system and the authority to make THE LEGISLATIVE AND EXECUTIVE BRANCHES rules of administration applicable to the courts. Aiding the Supreme Court in carrying out its administrative duties is the state Office of The legislative branch includes the Texas House of Representatives and Court Administration, which operates under the direction of the Chief the Texas Senate, which together make up the Legislature. The function Justice. of the Legislature is to make laws, which are called statutes. Statutes, written and passed by the Legislature, include such things as the law The Supreme Court and the Legislature receive recommendations on which makes it illegal to drive while intoxicated and the law which long-range planning and improvements in the administration of justice makes the Fourth of July a state holiday. The Constitution, adopted by from the Texas Judicial Council, a 22-member advisory board the voters themselves, is superior to the statutes passed by the elected composed of appointees of the judicial, executive, and legislative members of the Legislature. For this reason, if there is a conflict branches of government. between a provision of the Constitution and that of a statute, the The state Office of Court Administration, established in 1977, provides statute is said to be "unconstitutional" and may not be enforced. administrative support and technical assistance to all of the courts in The role of the executive branch is to carry out and enforce the laws of the State. It publishes the Annual Report on the Texas Judicial System the State. The executive branch includes the Office of the Governor and and provides the Legislature with requested information on the most administrative agencies of the State, such as the Department of functioning of the judicial system. The office also supports the research Public Safety, the Texas Education Agency, and the Department of State and operations of the Judicial Committee on Information Technology, a 2 19 to be licensed to practice law; most are required to be county residents Health Services. The majority of state employees work in this branch. and have experience as practicing attorneys. Judges of the THE JUDICIAL BRANCH constitutional county courts must be “well informed in the law of the State” but are not required to be lawyers. Most of the 254 county The judicial branch of Texas government includes the court system of judges are not licensed to practice law. the state and the judicial agencies, such as the Office of Court Administration. Its role is to interpret the law and to resolve legal There are no constitutional or statutory qualifications to serve as a disputes. It is the smallest branch of state government. justice of the peace, and very few are lawyers. While judges of municipal courts of record must be attorneys, no statutory The meaning of a constitutional provision is not always obvious; the qualifications are required of other municipal judges, most of whom intent of a statute is not always clear; the actions of an executive are not lawyers. agency are not always correct. The function of the courts is to resolve these issues, as well as to resolve disputes arising between citizens of the State. SELECTION AND TERMS TYPES OF CASES All judges, with the exception of most municipal judges, are elected in Two basic types of cases are heard in Texas courts: criminal and civil. partisan elections by the qualified voters of the geographical areas they serve. Most municipal judges are appointed by the governing body of Criminal Cases the municipality, although a few are elected in non-partisan elections. Criminal cases are those in which someone is charged in court with Appellate judges serve six-year terms. District judges, county-level having violated certain laws called criminal or penal statutes. A person judges, and justices of the peace serve four-year terms. Municipal who violates one of these statutes is said to have committed a crime. In judges usually serve two-year terms. Texas, an act is not a crime unless, before the act occurred, the Legislature has passed a statute making the act unlawful. Judicial vacancies in appellate and district courts are filled by appointment of the Governor. Vacancies in county-level and justice Serious crimes are called felonies and include such offenses as murder courts are filled by commissioners courts. Vacancies in municipal and robbery. If a person (the defendant) is found guilty of committing a courts are filled by the mayor or governing body of the city in non- felony, he or she may be sentenced to serve a number of years in a partisan elections. state prison operated by the Texas Department of Criminal Justice. If the crime is a capital offense, the defendant may be sentenced to death.