Essay on the Geography of Plants Essay on the Geography of Plants alexander von humboldt and aime´ bonpland Edited with an Introduction by Stephen T. Jackson Translated by Sylvie Romanowski the university of chicago press :: chicago and london Stephen T. Jackson is professor of botany and ecology at the University of Wyoming. Sylvie Romanowski is professor of French at Northwestern University and author of Through Strangers’ Eyes: Fictional Foreigners in Old Regime France. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago 60637 The University of Chicago Press, Ltd., London © 2009 by The University of Chicago All rights reserved. Published 2008 Printed in the United States of America 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 1 2 3 4 5 isbn-13: 978-0-226-36066-9 (cloth) isbn-10: 0-226-36066-0 (cloth) Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Humboldt, Alexander von, 1769–1859. [Essai sur la géographie des plantes. English] Essay on the geography of plants / Alexander von Humboldt and Aimé Bonpland ; edited with an introduction by Stephen T. Jackson ; translated by Sylvie Romanowski. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references. isbn-13: 978-0-226-36066-9 (cloth : alk. paper) isbn-10: 0-226-36066-0 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Phytogeography. 2. Plant ecology. 3. Physical geography. I. Bonpland, Aimé, 1773–1858. II. Jackson, Stephen T., 1955– III. Romanowski, Sylvie. IV. Title. qk101 .h9313 2009 581.9—dc22 2008038315 The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ansi z39.48-1992. Contents preface, vii • note to the reader, xiii • note on nomenclature, xv note on units, xvii • acknowledgments, xix Introduction: Humboldt, Ecology, and the Cosmos :: 1 stephen t. jackson Translator’s Note :: 47 sylvie romanowski Essay on the Geography of Plants :: 49 alexander von humboldt and aime´ bonpland, translated by sylvie romanowski Text of Humboldt’s Tableau physique :: 145 translated by sylvie romanowski Humboldt’s Pictorial Science: An Analysis of the Tableau physique des Andes et pays voisins :: 157 sylvie romanowski Plant Species Cited in Humboldt’s Essay and Tableau physique :: 199 stephen t. jackson Instruments Utilized in Developing the Tableau physique :: 221 stephen t. jackson Biographical Sketches :: 227 stephen t. jackson Bibliographical Essay and Bibliography :: 253 stephen t. jackson Color plate, Tableau physique :: back pocket illustrations follow pages 46 and 175. Preface This project had its origins in a chance conversation during a Chicago-to- Paris fl ight in the summer of 2003. Sylvie Romanowski and I were seated next to each other, and, upon chatting, we learned that we were respectively professors of French literature and botany. I mentioned my frustration in attempting to read a recently acquired reprint volume of Humboldt’s Essai sur la géographie des plantes. I was not sure whether my problems had to do with archaic idioms in the document or the sad state of my French-language skills after decades of neglect. Sylvie suggested she might be able to help and asked me to send a copy to look at. Upon my return to Laramie, I sent a copy of the Essai text to Sylvie. She was intrigued, and upon seeing a facsimile of Humboldt’s color plate that accompanied the Essai, she developed a defi nitive case of the “Humboldt virus.” The Humboldt virus is an easy one to catch. All it takes is a reading of part of Humboldt’s Personal Narrative, or an essay from his Views of Nature, or sim- ply a perusal of the Chimborazo profi le which accompanied the Essai. You are confronted with a man who was interested in nearly everything, who could speak and write authoritatively about the electrical properties of muscles, the philology of the ancient Incas, the political economy of Mexico, and the min- eralogy of the Urals; who was equally comfortable conversing with Gauss, Goethe, and Gay-Lussac (not to mention Thomas Jefferson, Tsar Nicholas I, Abraham Mendelssohn-Bartholdy, an anonymous, pedantic poison-master in the upper Orinoco, or Carlos del Pino, the Guayqueria whom Humboldt enlisted as his assistant in Venezuela); who dined on ants and monkeys in the Orinoco and foie gras and caviar in Paris salons; who was passionate in his love of political freedom and his hatred of slavery; who envisioned how hundreds of point-observations of temperature, magnetism, or plant form could be assimilated to reveal global patterns; who led the funeral procession for the fallen Berlin revolutionaries of 1848 at the same time he was serving as chamberlain and confi dant to the Prussian king; who was happy to do chemical experiments in a fl ooded Paris basement, inventory plants while climbing the slopes of Cotopaxi, make exacting astronomical measurements in a mosquito-infested jungle, or dissect electric eels with a local savant in viii :: preface a dusty llanos village; who, when told he must ride across the Quindiu Pass aboard a sillero—a mulatto man saddled with a chair—strapped one of the chairs to his own back and insisted that he carry the sillero; who inspired the scientifi c career of Charles Darwin, the artistic career of Frederic Edwin Church, and the political career of Simón Bolívar; who was eulogized in America by Ingersoll, Emerson, and Agassiz (respectively an agnostic, a mys- tic, and a zealot); who was the subject of the dedication page of Edgar Allan Poe’s last major work; who spent his considerable inheritance self-funding his scientifi c explorations, underwriting his scientifi c monographs, and sup- porting his less fortunate colleagues; who made substantive contributions to nearly every branch of the natural and social sciences of his time; whose work laid the foundations for a dozen disciplines, ranging from geophysics to biogeography to political economy. Resistance is pointless once you have begun to engage Humboldt. Though his personality is often remote (his Personal Narrative is anything but personal), his insatiable curiosity and intellectual power are always close at hand. Within a few months of our fi rst meeting, Sylvie and I had agreed to work together on a complete translation of Humboldt’s Essai, and before the project was long underway we were both inspired to write accompanying essays. The Essai sur la géographie des plantes, with its accompanying Tableau physique des Andes et Pays voisins, is one of Humboldt’s most infl uential works. It has long been regarded as one of the foundation texts of ecology and biogeog- raphy, but it is more than that. It is the fi rst mature, integrated statement of Humboldt’s view of a unifi ed nature, with diverse properties showing co- herent patterns in space at local to global scales. The Essai (and its German equivalent, Ideen zu einer Geographie der Pfl anzen) has been reprinted at various times since its fi rst publication in 1807. But it has never appeared in an En- glish translation. Since the Second World War, English has emerged as the lingua franca of science. As a consequence, native-born English speakers working in the sci- ences no longer have to develop fl uency in French, German, or other lan- guages. In fact, scientists at universities in the United States often view for- eign languages as a burden, discourage students from taking them, and even try to purge them from the required curriculum. It is an unfortunate fact that most scientists in the United States and other English-speaking nations are unable to read and appreciate Humboldt’s Essai. The primary purpose of this volume, then, is to bring Humboldt’s Essai to preface :: ix an English-speaking audience at relatively low cost. But why should anyone in the early twenty-fi rst century read a 200-year-old scientifi c work, however canonical? The question is obviously easy to answer for historians or human- ists, but why should scientists interrupt their busy lives to read Humboldt, or any of the old masters? Scientists have a well-deserved reputation for being focused on the “here and now”—the burning questions that are at the frontier of knowledge. They tend not to be concerned with the questions and concepts of a decade ago, let alone a century. This is paradoxical, because science is inherently a histori- cal enterprise. The body of current knowledge is built on years, decades, or centuries of previous scholarship and research, and it is subject to the same kinds of historical contingencies and artifacts as any other human endeavor. Some scientists recognize this, and acknowledge the need to step back and examine where a question or concept has come from, how it has evolved, and whether something important has been overlooked along the way. At its most fundamental level, this is good scholarship and leads to a healthy sense of humility. Furthermore, concepts tend to evolve in time, and so confusion and pointless controversy can be avoided by looking at their lineages. And occasionally, long-neglected ideas are rediscovered and brought back to life, helping to solve current puzzles or opening new avenues for discovery. Historical examination is particularly critical for ecology, evolution, and biogeography, because these are inherently historical sciences. Obviously so, in the sense that the phenomena that they attempt to explain—the abun- dance and distribution of organisms across the globe, the diversity of life at local to global scales, the origin of features of organisms that fi t them to their respective environment, the movement of energy and materials in space and time—all have historical components. None can be fully explained with- out some knowledge of history, because different processes occur at differ- ent rates, Earth’s environment changes through time, and system states at any given time are contingent on previous states and events.