Conflict in the Niger Delta and corporate social responsibility of multinational oil companies: An assessment Item type Thesis Authors Nwankwo, Beloveth Odochi Citation Nwankwo, B. O. (2017) 'Conflict in the Niger Delta and corporate social responsibility of multinational oil companies: An assessment' PhD thesis, University of Derby. Downloaded 13-Jan-2019 02:54:32 Link to item http://hdl.handle.net/10545/621397 Declaration This is to certify that, the work presented in this thesis embodies my research, the works of other persons have been appropriately acknowledged: the thesis’ originality rests exclusively on the author. Beloveth Odochi Nwankwo i Dedication This thesis is dedicated to Jehovah God, the epitome of my research wisdom and knowledge and to my elder brother and wife, Mr and Mrs Chidi Nwankwo for their moral and financial support throughout my research work. ii Acknowledgements I am forever indebted to Jehovah God Almighty the originator of knowledge, who made my challenges within the period of this research a stepping-stone. I am overwhelmingly grateful to my director of studies, Professor Robert Hudson for his invaluable commitment and contribution to the success of this thesis. I see my research as a classical one to have your name associated with my thesis. I am proud to benefit from your invaluable experience and encouragements. I remember when I embarked on this research, you encouraged me to do my best and that my writing style would greatly improve over the research period. Thank you for teaching me critical thinking and writing. I dedicate my five journal articles, published during my research to you, for not only editing but ensuring that they were publishable. My conference papers and PowerPoint slides were never complete until you put your classical academic touch on them; hence, their subsequent success. Your unflinching support brought me this far, I cannot thank you enough. My profound gratitude goes to my second supervisor Professor Sam Kasule, who not only believed in my capability to achieve this mighty task but went extra miles to bring the best out of my knowledge. Thank you for taking extra time to supervise me, I am forever grateful. I also wish to appreciate my senior colleague, Dr Godwin Oboh, for not only introducing me to the best supervisory team any research student could pray for but also assisted me in building a strong foundation in my research area while we shared the same office. I thank the Director of Research in the College, Professor Neil Campbell, for his interest in my research and his continuous support throughout my studies. My thanks go to the management staff of Nigerian Maritime Administrative and Safety Agency (NIMASA) who made the completion of this research work possible. Dr. Patrick Akpobolokemi, the then Director General of NIMASA, and Mr Felix Bob-Nabena, the then 33 Director of Administration, thank you for your unreserved contribution, it made this research work possible. I wish to appreciate my amiable bosses, Mr Dikko T. Bala, Mrs Enemo Amaechi, Mr Jamoh, Mr Isichie, Mr Otonye, Dr Mrs Felicia Mogo, Mrs Rita Uruaekpa and a host of others, for their relentless, unflinching moral support and contribution to my research work. I pray that you have God’s favour in all endeavours. I wish to thank the members and staff of Shell, Chevron, and Agip Community and Public Relations Department who have contributed immensely to the success of my research by granting me interview sessions and by completing my questionnaires. Although reaching you posed a challenge, the wealth of information you provided, with respect to your corporate social responsibility (CRS) and community relations’ engagements, was critical to the success of this research. My appreciation goes to members of the DPR Department, particularly Mr Boma, who took it upon himself to ensure that my application for a covering letter to visit the selected oil companies was granted. I thank the then Director General of NOSDRA, members of State and Federal Ministry of Environment, Ministry of Niger Delta Affairs, NDDC, selected members of the University of Port Harcourt scholars, the Center for Niger Delta Studies and the selected host communities for providing the needed information either in the form of an interview or by completing my questioner. I thank you all as my heavenly father provided you to offer me the needed assistance even when the journey became tougher. James and Happiness mostly facilitated the coding and transcription of my interviews and questioners, I deeply appreciate you two for your outstanding contribution. My special thanks go to Professor Epelle, Professor Rose Ayuru and Professor Ettekpe for your timely contributions in ensuring that I remain focused in my research. Dr Ohio, Sampson Makinde and Shan Rambukwella, thank you for your inestimable technical and moral support, without 44 which the success of this research would have been strained. I wish to appreciate Professor Nna Johnson for his invaluable contribution to my study. My gratitude goes to Dr Felix Tuodulor, Patterson Ogunand Dr Tapiwa for their help in providing me with further research materials. My special thanks goes to my immediate family, the best parents in the world; for not just giving birth to me, but bringing me up in the way of Jehovah. Leaning on Jehovah as you have always encouraged me has been beneficial. I say thank you to you and as always I promise not to depart from the ways of Jehovah. I also thank my siblings, Bethel Nwankwo, Chisom Nwankwo, my nephew, Brenton Nwankwo, and my nieces, Chizi and Shullamite Nwankwo for helping me out with the typing of my manuscript each time I penned it down on a paper. I appreciate the moral support of my special one and only sister, Barr. Mrs Patience Ejiogu and sister Chinyere Okafor (Mrs) for your encouragement, my father and mother in-law and sister’s in-law and the entire Ikpi’s family for your understanding and bearing my mood during the critical time of my research. I was born to the best family and married to the most special family, thank you all for enduring my excesses while I worked day and night. Finally and most importantly my profound gratitude goes to my darling husband. You are the best of every good thing that has happened to me during this research work. Thank you for loving and supporting me, even when I had to ignore you and the family needs to focus on my research work. Thank you for the nights you had to stay up late with me while I was researching. Thank you for believing I can make it. 55 Abbreviations List of abbreviations ACF: Australian Conservation Foundations ADR: Alternative Dispute Resolution BIPR: British Institute of Public Relations BRACED States: Rivers, Bayelsa, Rivers, Akwa Ibom, Cross River Edo and Delta States CBMs: Confidence-Building Measures CDC: Community Development Committee’s CNDS: Centre for Niger Delta Studies CNL: Chevron Nigeria Limited CNN: Cable News Network COMA: Coalition for Militant Action CSR: Corporate Social Responsibility DJSGI: Dow Jones Sustainability Group Indexes DPR: Department of Petroleum Resources ECOWAS: Economic Community of West African States ERA: Environmental Rights Action FA: Frustration Aggression hypothesis FDI: Foreign Direct Investment FNDIC: Federated Niger Delta Izon Communities FoE: Friends of the Earth GDP: Gross Domestic Projects GMoU: Global Memorandum of Understanding HSR: Human Security Report 66 IYC: Ijaw Youth Council IYM: Ikwerre Youth Movement JTF: Joint Task Force KII: Key Informant Interview MEND: Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta MNDA: Ministry of Niger Delta Affairs MNOCs: Multi-National Oil Companies MOPOL: Nigeria Mobile Police Force MORETO: Movement for Reparation to Ogbia MOSOP: Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People MOSIEND: Movement for the Survival of the Ijo in the Niger Delta NAOC: Nigerian Agip Oil Company NDDB: Niger Delta Development Board NDDC: Niger Delta Development Commission NDPI: Niger Delta Partnership Initiative Foundation NDPVF: Niger Delta People’s Volunteer Force NDRBDA: Niger Delta River Basin Development Authority NDVF: Niger Delta Vigilante Force NLNGC: Nigeria Liquefied Natural Gas Company NOSDRA: National Oil Spill Detection and Response Agency OMPADEC: Oil Minerals Producing Areas Development Commission OECD: Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development OPCs: Oil Producing Communities OPEC: Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries OPS: Oil Producing States vii PIB: Petroleum Industry Bill PIGB: Petroleum Industry Governance Bill PR: Public Relations PTF: Petroleum Trust Fund RAF: Revenue Allocation Formula RDC: Regional Development Councils RNC: Royal Niger Company SNEPCO: Shell Nigeria Exploration and Production Company SPDC: Shell Petroleum Development Company SPSS: Statistical Package for Social Sciences UAC: United African Company UCDP: Uppsala Conflict Data Program UNDP: United Nation Development Project UNEP: United Nations Environmental Programme UNIPORT: University of Port Harcourt UYOMO: Urhobo Youth Movement NNPC: Nigeria National Petroleum Corporation USAID: U.S. Agency for International Development WBCSD: World Business Council for Sustainable Development WHO: World Health Organization WICE: World Industry Council for the Environment 888 List of Tables Table 4.1 Breakdown of Interviewees Table 4.2 Distribution and retrieval rate of questionnaire Table 4.3 Age distribution of respondents Table 4.4 Educational Qualifications of respondents Table 4.5 Place of residence in Niger Delta Table 4.6 Respondents’