Drought in India • Recent Droughts in Drought Governance and India, 1988, 1999, Response Strategies including 2002, 2004, 2009, 2014, 2015 and now Mission Kakatiya in Telangana, India 2016. Devi Prasad Juvvadi • 330 Million People in Director (AMRG) 50 percent districts. 28 June 2016 Above 45 degrees Celsius • Maharashtra, Hyderabad, India Telangana under long Second International Conference spells of drought and “Toward Sustainable Groundwater in Agriculture-Linking Science and Policy” worst hit at San Francisco, USA, 27-30 June 2016 • Farmer suicides. Telangana Overview Drought Vulnerability of Telangana ! Formed in 2014 as 29th State of May 2014 India ! 12th large state with 112.08 lakh ha. ! 45% under Agriculture, 25% Forest ! 36.30 million Population ! 10.18 million Households ! 61.33% in rural areas, 55.49% dependent on farm related activities. ! Agriculture to state GDP 17.01% in 2014-15, about 14% in 2015-16 ! 25-60% shortfall in household income and 12-33% increase in head-count poverty (Allen, S.23 February 2016. India Food Security Portal) ! Net sown area 49.61 lakh ha. with ! Farm households in spite of using a number of coping mechanisms to regain their 60% under Rainfall prone to previous levels of livelihoods, they rarely recover the loss of productive assets in the droughts subsequent years. Hence perpetual poverty. Rainfall in Telangana Declaration of Drought Total&Rainfall&in&Telangana ! Types of drought: • Meteorological drought • Hydrological drought • Agricultural drought ! Drought is also classified on the In 2015-16, 231 Mandals were declared as drought hit basis of time of onset as: Rainfall&during&South2West&monsoon&in&Telangana early season, mid season and late season. Agricultural drought assessment ! Identifying and declaring drought This was the situation in October 2015 and North East monsoon was to come in when it occurs is most important in November. As there was complete drought governance. absence of North-East monsoon., the ! drought was accelerated. The delayed declaration of drought came for criticism in Telangana Source: Directorate of Economics & Statistics, Government of Telangana Drought Governance Process of Drought Governance ! In many countries-Crisis management centric approach 1. Appoint a drought task force ! Relief assistance increased vulnerability to future droughts 2. State the purpose and objectives of the drought mitigation plan ! Reducing self reliance and increasing dependence on government 3. Seek stakeholder participation and resolve conflict ! Safety net to most vulnerable but also promote self reliance 4. Inventory resources and identify groups at risk “ a process of devising rules for a variety of operational or day-to-day situations... undertaken by governments… 5. Prepare and write drought plan as well as organizations of all types and at all scales” Drought governance can help to: 6. Identify research needs and fill institutional gaps (i) be better prepared to cope with drought; (ii) develop more resilient ecosystems (iii) improve resilience to recover from drought; and (iv) mitigate the impacts of droughts 7. Integrate science and policy ! No effective drought management institution in Telangana 8. Publicize the drought mitigation plan, build public awareness and ! State follows drought manual of GoI consensus ! State needs drought governance framework 9. Develop education programs ! CGG drought governance framework (Donald Wilhite of UNL) 10. Evaluate and revise drought mitigation plan ! Provides a process with drought policies and preparedness plans Response Strategies to Drought Crisis Management to Risk Management ! Drought response with water through irrigation either ! Current drought related initiatives include CRF, NREG scheme, RSAD, DPAP,JFM etc. by surface irrigation through dams or ground water These are reactive with focus on crisis response and recovery ! Out of 329 million ha. 141 million ha net sown area ! Canal irrigation declining and rampant use of ground water ! Net irrigated area is only 65.3 million ha (45%) - Rest is rain fed ! Need for paradigm shift and Drought Governance ! Limits to Large Dams ! Drought governance – Policies focusing on risk reduction by ! Peak of M&M irrigation in 1991-92 with 17.79 million ha and area mitigation and preparedness plans at various levels of government reduced by 1.5 million ha in 2009-10 ! World over increased recognition for value of PPM. ! Krishna/ Godavari basins reached full or partial closure ! Paradigm shift from relief centric response to proactive PPM ! Last decade, capital expenditure increase of 3.5 times on dams driven approach for conserving developmental gains, minimise loss ! As per IFPRI study, drop in returns from 1.4 to 0.12% of life and property. ! Excessive ground water exploitation in last 3 decades ! A primary requirement is watershed restoration and ground water recharge ! Fall of level from 1.23 metres to 5.99 in Telangana in last 2 years How do we do it??? Sources of Irrigated Area in India (Ha) Suitability of Tanks in Telangana ! Ancient wisdom. Tanks played vital role in drought risk reduction, Tank-Irrigated Area in Telangana ! Telangana in rain shadow regions particularly in south for centuries- Tank and temple culture of India. Period Hectares ! 4.24 lakh tanks irrigating about 46.518 lakh he. In south 1.20 lakh tans < 28.0 ! Topography suitable to rain water lah he. Tank irrigated area started falling after green revolution in mid 60s 1875 41,000 harvesting using tanks. 1920 1,39,511 ! Period Canal Tank Groundwater Others Total Satavahana, Kakatiya, Kutubshahis, 1930 2,56,714 Asafzadis constructed tanks. 1952-1953 8,613,000 3,468,000 6,339,000 2,588,000 21,008,000 ! Agriculture flourished, droughts 1940 3,73,684 were managed. 1962-1963 10,568,000 4,651,000 7,430,000 2,420,000 25,069,000 1956-57 5,30,565 ! Loss in tank irrigation from 1956- 1972-1973 12,983,000 3,822,000 12,377,000 2,313,000 31,495,000 1970-72 3,30,920 57 to 2005-09 of 58% of 3,12,441 hectare s (ha). 1982-1983 15,808,000 3,165,000 18,593,000 2,406,000 39,972,000 1980-82 3,86,351 ! Decrease of tank irrigation due to 1992-1993 17,247,000 2,817,000 25,884,000 3,114,000 49,062,000 1990-92 3,80,319 relative less importance of tanks vis 2001-05 1,65,303 a vis other modes of irrigation, as 1999-2000 17,609,000 2,916,000 32,536,000 3,223,000 56,284,000 well as a decline in the actual area 2005-09 2,18,124 Source: Water and related statistics, Central Water Commission, 2002. irrigated by them. Source (unless stated): BES, various years. Decline in Tank Irrigated Area in Telangana (Ha) Chain link Tank System in Telangana Period Tank Canal Well Total The chain link tank 1875 41,000 7,000 46,000 95,000 system mainly exists 1901 3,04,423 in Telangana State. 1920 1,39,511 27,447 1,08,535 2,75,492 The surplus water 1930 2,56,714 61,700 1,77,980 4,96,394 from upstream tank 1940 3,73,684 51,417 1,94,332 6,19,433 flows to downstream tank in the chain and 1956-57 5,30,565 1,16,619 1,29,869 8,01,586 every tank is having 1970-72 3,30,920 1,98,701 2,14,500 8,50,055 ayacut of its own. 1980-82 3,86,351 2,81,843 3,41,400 10,34,487 1990-92 3,80,319 3,38,276 7,04,400 14,85,795 In the series of tanks every tank 2001-05 1,65,303 1,62,315 9,74,470 13,44,604 should be in good 2005-09 2,18,124 2,59,629 12,17,642 16,95,395 condition, if one Source (unless stated): BES, various years. tank is damaged it ! Irrigated area under all sources, peaked to 14,85,795 ha in 1990-92, declined to 13,44,604 ha in will effect total 2001-15 and then rose to 16,95,395 ha in 2005-09. chain system of ! This indicates a shift of primary from tank irrigation to well irrigation. tanks in that chain. ! Four advantages of tank irrigation and four reasons for decline in tank irrigation. Emergence of Mission Kakatiya Objective of Mission Kakatiya ! After state was formed on 2 June 2014, priority was for irrigation sector. ! Geographical positioning for water harvesting in tanks which will drought mitigation “to enhance the development of agriculture based income of small apart from multiple functions like recharge of ground water. and marginal farmers through sustainable use of irrigation resources ! Census of minor irrigation sources – 46,531 all types of tanks by restoration of Minor Irrigation sources, strengthening ! These tanks were to irrigate 20 to 25 lakh acres Vs present 9 to 10 lakh acres community based irrigation management, providing agricultural ! TheKreasonsKinKgapKayacut wasKfoundKdueKto; services, encouraging diversification and use of new technologies, • Tank%Bund:%%Jungle%growth%on%slopes,%reduction%of%top%width%through%erosion,%erosion/scouring%of% facilitating market access” slopes,%free:board%not%conforming%to%design,%gully%formation%on%slopes,%damaged%stone% revetment,%seepages%through%bund%etc. Key performance indicators to study are: • Surplus%Weirs:%Damaged%weir%structures%requiring%redesign%and%reconstruction. • Tank%Sluices:%Damaged%collapsed%sluices,%damaged/non:existent%screw%gear%shutters%(water% ! Increase in coverage of reliable minor irrigation facilities through controlling%arrangement),%damaged%appurtenant%works,%silt%deposits. surface and groundwater management • Feeder%Channels:%Carrying%capacity%reduced%due%to%extensive%jungle%growth,%erosion%of%banks,% siltation,%loss%of%profile%and%bed%slopes. ! Growth in agricultural productivity (including livestock, fisheries • Due%to%dilapidated%condition%of%Irrigation%canals. and horticulture) to meet food security in target areas ! Loss%of%water%storage%capacity%of%tanks%due%to%accumulation%of%silt%in%tank%beds%over%a% ! Increase in the number of working days for agricultural labourers long%period.