gender_cover.qxd 10/30/06 2:28 PM Page 1 CHALLENGE AND CHANGE IN THE MILITARY: GENDER AND DIVERSITY ISSUES CHALLENGE AND CHANGE IN THE MILITARY: CHALLENGECHALLENGE ANDAND CHANGECHANGE ININ THETHE MILITARY:MILITARY: GENDERGENDER ANDAND DIVERSITYDIVERSITY ISSUESISSUES Edited by Sharpe Franklin C. Pinch, Allister T. MacIntyre, Phyllis Browne, and Alan C. Okros Gender_Diversity.qxd 10/30/06 2:24 PM Page a CHALLENGE AND CHANGE IN THE MILITARY: GENDER AND DIVERSITY ISSUES Edited by Franklin C. Pinch, Allister T. MacIntyre, Phyllis Browne, and Alan C. Okros Gender_Diversity.qxd 10/30/06 2:24 PM Page b Canadian Forces Leadership Institute Canadian Defence Academy Press PO Box 17000 Stn Forces Kingston, Ontario K7K 7B4 Published for Canadian Forces Leadership Institute by the Wing Publishing Office, 17 Wing Winnipeg. Copyright © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, 2004 as represented by the Minister of National Defence. Second printing February 2006. Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication Main entry under title : Challenge and change in the military : gender and diversity issue Third and final book to be published in the “Challenge and change in the military” series that resulted from an international conference held in Kingston, Ont. in Oct. 2002.—Cf. Acknowledgements ISBN 0-662-39996-X Cat. no. D2-166/2005E 1. Women soldiers – Congresses. 2. Armed forces – Minorities – Congresses. 3. Discrimination in employment – Congresses. 4. Sociology, Military – Congresses. 5. Canada – Armed Forces – Women – Congresses. 6. Canada – Armed Forces – Minorities – Congresses. I. Pinch, Franklin C. (Frank Conrad), 1940- . II. Canadian Forces Leadership Institute. UB418.C44 2005 355’.0082 C2005-980106-9 Printed in Canada. 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2 Gender_Diversity.qxd 10/30/06 2:24 PM Page i I TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements II Foreword IV Preface V INTRODUCTION FRANKLIN C. PINCH 1 CHAPTER 1 INSTITUTION TO OCCUPATION TO DIVERSITY: GENDER IN THE MILITARY TODAY GWYN HARRIES-JENKINS 26 CHAPTER 2 WOMEN IN THE MILITARY: FACING THE WARRIOR FRAMEWORK KAREN D. DAVIS AND BRIAN MCKEE 52 CHAPTER 3 WOMEN IN THE FRENCH FORCES: INTEGRATION VERSUS CONFLICT KATIA SORIN 76 CHAPTER 4 HARASSMENT IN THE MILITARY: CROSS-NATIONAL COMPARISONS NICOLA J. HOLDEN AND KAREN D. DAVIS 97 CHAPTER 5 DEMOGRAPHICS AND DIVERSITY ISSUES IN CANADIAN MILITARY PARTICIPATION CHRISTIAN LEUPRECHT 122 CHAPTER 6 ORGANIZATIONAL VALUES AND CULTURAL DIVERSITY IN THE CANADIAN FORCES: THE CASE OF ABORIGINAL PEOPLES KATHLEEN MACLAURIN 146 CHAPTER 7 DIVERSITY: CONDITIONS FOR AN ADAPTIVE, INCLUSIVE MILITARY FRANKLIN C. PINCH 171 About the Contributors 195 Gender_Diversity.qxd 10/30/06 2:24 PM Page ii II ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS In October 2002, the Inter-University on Armed Forces and Society (IUS): Canada Region, in cooperation with the Canadian Forces Leadership Institute (CFLI) and the Queen’s University Defence Management Studies Program (DMSP), hosted its first international conference in Kingston, Ontario. This is the third and last book to be published in the Challenge and Change in the Military series that resulted from the Conference. IUS Canada is a regional organization within the IUS that was founded by the noted military sociologist, Morris Janowitz, at the University of Chicago in the 1960s. It is dedicated to independent social science research and scholarship that focuses both on the relationship between the military and society and on the military institution itself. The Fellows of the IUS, numbering more than 800, represent a broad range of disciplines and some 50 countries, and are involved in the study of armed forces and society within academic institutions, research establishments and military forces around the world. The President at the time of the conference was Dr. David R. Segal, Distinguished Professor of Sociology at the University of Maryland, later succeeded by Dr. John Allen Williams of Loyola University. IUS Canada was established in 1981, and the Canadian Chair was Dr. Franklin C. Pinch; his successor is Dr. Alan Okros, former Director of CFLI and Associate Professor in the Department of Military Psychology and Leadership, Royal Military College of Canada (RMC). Lieutenant-Colonel David Last, current Registrar of RMC was Program Director of the 2002 IUS Canada Conference, and Lois Jordan, Manager of the IUS Canada Secretariat, was Conference Coordinator. CFLI was established in 2001, with a broad mandate for leadership concept development, leadership research and cooperation with academic institutions and international research associations; its current director is Colonel Bernd Horn, an IUS fellow. The Queen’s University Defence Management Studies Program (DMSP), chaired Gender_Diversity.qxd 10/30/06 2:24 PM Page iii III since its inception in 1996 by Dr. Douglas Bland, is one of 16 university chairs sponsored by the department of National Defence’s Security and Defence Forum (SDF). We wish to acknowledge the collaborative efforts of Douglas Bland, who was lead editor of the first volume; and David Last, who was lead editor of the second volume; as well as those of this book’s contributing authors, in planning the Challenge and Change series. We are grateful for the institutional support of the Canadian Defence Academy and its agency, CFLI, for making publication of this document possible. Our specific thanks to Trisha Mitchell and Joanne Simms for their administrative and clerical support in the early stages of this project. Finally, our gratitude goes to Moira Jackson, Queen’s University, for her able editing and perceptive comments on the various chapters of this manuscript, and to Brian Selmeski for his copy editing efforts. The patience, professionalism, and hard work of all are appreciated. The Editors March 2005 Gender_Diversity.qxd 10/30/06 2:24 PM Page iv IV FOREWORD As with previous publications issued by the Canadian Defence Academy (CDA) and the Canadian Forces Leadership Institute (CFLI), this book represents our ongoing commitment to the education of Canadian Forces (CF) members. It is a direct response to our recognition that there must be a mechanism in place to allow the dissemination of high quality scholarly and professional works. These CDA / CFLI publications contribute to a distinct Canadian body of operational leadership and profession of arms knowledge. They serve to enhance professional development within the Department of National Defence (DND) and the CF, and offer a method to educate the public with respect to the significant contribution of their military. In the case of this publication, the chapters were selected from a series of presentations offered at the Canadian Inter-University Seminar (IUS) on Armed Forces and Society hosted by the CFLI in Kingston, Ontario. Two related themes thread their way throughout these chapters: gender and diversity. These topics continue to be of critical importance for the military and will always be of importance for any organization that has a desire to maximize its effectiveness. Diversity, in all its forms and guises, is a contemporary concern and a subject of heated debate; it influ- ences change and transformation, and presents challenges for governments, employers, and institutions of liberal-democratic societies. Similarly, the subject of gender integration has a lengthy and often ignoble history that has generated considerable discourse. We believe that the Canadian Forces have led the way with our innovative approaches to all aspects of diversity and employment equity. We have opened countless doors that remain closed in other western militaries and we have systematically removed employment barriers for the citizens of Canada. The scholarly articles captured in this book provide intellectual insights into diversity and gender integration. The authors demonstrate a passion for these subjects that will be of interest to academia and the general population alike. P.R. Hussey Major-General, Commander CDA Gender_Diversity.qxd 10/30/06 2:24 PM Page v V PREFACE At first glance, readers might question why the Canadian Forces Leadership Institute (CFLI) would release a book on gender integration and diversity. After all, these two topics do not give the appearance of having a direct relationship to leadership or leader behaviours. In their purest form, gender and diversity can simply be viewed as states of being; one is either male or female and groups are either diverse or not. However, leadership is not just about influencing followers to accomplish a mission. Effective leaders recognize that people are different. They also understand that one approach does not fit all, and that both diversity and gender integration within groups are strengths not weaknesses. Quite simply, diversity is all about people and their differences, whether these differences are real or imagined. Leaders need to recognize that there is a natural human tendency to categorize people in a way that helps us to make sense out of our world. We assign the people we meet to the category, or categories, they most resemble. These groupings may be extremely broad (e.g., Canadian versus American), or based on aspects like race, religion, or gender. We further complicate things in the military by adding many additional categories (e.g., Army/Navy/Air Force; operational/support). The categories we use come with a set of assumptions and attitudes about the people within a given group. These attitudes influence how we think about the people in a group, how we feel about them, and how we are likely to behave in their presence.