Enhancing Strategic Plant Physiological Research and Technologies for Sustainable Resources Ahmad Nazarudin Mohd Roseli Puteri Edaroyati Megat Wahab Tsan Fui Ying Hazandy Abdul Hamid Normaniza Osman Lok Eng Hai Roohaida Othman Soetanto Abdoellah Phebe Ding A. Adi Prawoto Siti Hajar Ahmad John Bako Baon Siti Aishah Hassan Md Sarwar Jahan Malaysian Society of Plant Indonesian Coffee & Cocoa Physiology Research Institute i ISBN 978-967-10840-4-5 Proc. Int. Conf. Plt. Phy. 2014 First Published, 2015 PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014 Enhancing Strategic Plant Physiological Research and Technologies for Sustainable Resources held at Discovery Kartika Plaza Hotel, Bali, Indonesia (26-28 August 2014) Ahmad Nazarudin Mohd Roseli Puteri Edaroyati Megat Wahab Tsan Fui Ying Hazandy Abdul Hamid Normaniza Osman Lok Eng Hai Roohaida Othman Soetanto Abdoellah Phebe Ding A. Adi Prawoto Siti Hajar Ahmad John Bako Baon Siti Aishah Hassan Md Sarwar Jahan Organized by Malaysian Society of Plant Indonesian Coffee & Cocoa Physiology Research Institute Publisher Malaysian Society of Plant Physiology (Persatuan Fisiologi Tumbuhan Malaysia) Beg Berkunci No. 282, Pejabat Pos UPM 43409 UPM, Serdang, Selangor URL: http//mspp.org.my ii ISBN 978-967-10840-4-5 Proc. Int. Conf. Plt. Phy. 2014 First Published, 2015 CONTENTS Page Table of contents iii CHAPTER 1: PLANT GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND PRODUCTION 1 1. Vegetative Propagation in Cocoa (Theobroma cacao): Effects of Propagation 2 Environment and Rooting Substrates on Rooting Behaviour of Cocoa Stem Cuttings Tee, Y.K. and Lamin, K. 2. Effect of Tuber Seed Size on Vine Growth and Yield of Dioscorea hispida 8 Zakaria, A.J. and Nordin, M.N. 3. The Effect of Tapping Intensity and Stimulation on Latex Physiological Characters and 13 Incidence of Tapping Panel Dryness Eva, H. and Kuswanhadi. 4. Cellular Changes in Cocoa Clones Graft Compatibility 20 Rozita, O., Nurashikin, A. and Razi, I. 5. Innovation on Pepper (Piper nigrum L.) Farming to Ensure High Production of Planting 25 Materials Chen, Y.S. and Kho, P.E. 6. Flowering Improvement of a Landscape Tree, Xanthostemon chrysanthus by Using 32 Paclobutrazol and Potassium Nitrate Ahmad Nazarudin, M.R., Tsan, F.Y. and Normaniza, O. 7. Cadmium Effect on Seed Germination and Seedling Growth of Amaranthus gangeticus, 35 Cucurbita maxima and Brassica alboglaba Tsan, F.Y., Hasimah, M., Engku Abdul Fattah, E.A. and Nurul Haslidawani, M.H. 8. Yield Analysis of Rice between System of Rice Intensification (SRI) and Conventional 40 Farming in Sabak Bernam District, Selangor, Malaysia – A Case Study Tsan, F.Y. and Orlando, G.J. CHAPTER 2: ECOPHYSIOLOGY AND STRESS BIOLOGY 48 9. Comparison of Leaf Wetness in Upper and Lower Citrus Canopy 49 Walker, S. and Kudinha, M.T. 10. Antiodixant Defence System in Iron Deficient Groundnut Plants 59 Mann, A. and Singh Amrit, L. 11. The Contribution of Plant Community towards Slope Protection 64 Nurul Izzaty, A.Z., Normaniza, O. and Rozainah, M.Z. 12. Evaluation of Rice Genotypes under Drought and Optimum Environmental Conditions 72 Suwarno, P.M., Wirnas, D. and Junaedi, A. iii ISBN 978-967-10840-4-5 Proc. Int. Conf. Plt. Phy. 2014 First Published, 2015 13. Response of CO2 Enrichment on Phytochemical Screening, Fatty Acid Content and Their 77 Antioxidant Activity on Labisia pumila var. alata Karimi, E. and Jaafar, H.Z.E. 14. Assessment of Biochemical Processes on Different Sizes of Air-Layered Azadirachta 81 excelsa (Jack) M. Jacobs Yap, M.L., Hazandy, A.H. and Kamil, I. 15. Physiological Changes of Xanthostemon chrysanthus as Affected by Paclobutrazol and 88 Potassium Nitrate Ahmad Nazarudin, M.R., Tsan, F.Y. and Normaniza, O. 16. Determining the Influence of Plant Architecture on Light Interception of Virtual Rice 92 Plants on the Simulation Platform GroIMP Utama, D.N., Ong, Y., Streit, K. and Kurth, W. 17. Changes of Empty Locul Proportion of Bean Characteristic in Robusta Coffee (Coffea 102 canephora) Caused by Drought Stress Sumirat, U. 18. Glycosidases Activity in Salinity-Tolerant Rice Grown on Saline Soil under Malaysia 107 Condition Aziz, A., Fatinah, A.A., Hidayah, M.S., Abdullah, M.Z. and Marziah, M. 19. Solar UV-B and UV-A/B Exclusion Effects on Intraspecific Variations in Physiological 114 Responses of Wheat Varieties Kataria, S., Baroniya, S.S. and Guruprasad, K.N. 20. Role of Salicylic Acid as a Plant Growth Regulator on Some Physiological Features and 122 Antioxidant Enzyme Activity in Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) Ali, G. and Hawa, Z.E.J. 21. Screening of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) Genotypes for Aluminium Stress 130 Tolerance in Nutrient Culture Lestari, T., Sopandie, D., Trikoesoemaningtyas. and Ardie, S.W. CHAPTER 3: POSTHARVEST TECHNOLOGY AND QUALITY CONTROL 136 22. Challenges in Postharvest Handling of Fruits and Vegetables: Reducing Losses and 137 Maintaining Quality Ahmad, S.H. and Yap, E.S.P. 23. The Growth and Postharvest Performance of Misai Kucing (Orthosiphon stamineus 142 Benth) in Relation to Different Soilless Growing Media and Biochar Wan Zaliha, W.S. and Nurul Azilla, M. 24. Effects of Collecting Systems and Plantation Environment on Debris Accumulation in a 147 Collected Oil Palm Loose Fruits Darius, E.P. and Muhammad Fairulnizam, H. 25. Postharvest Life of Guava Fruit under Selected Postharvest Handling Practices 152 Silip, J.J., Yung, R.R., Lim, K.S., Mohamad, M. and Hamdan, S.M. iv ISBN 978-967-10840-4-5 Proc. Int. Conf. Plt. Phy. 2014 First Published, 2015 26. Sabah Castor (Ricinus communis Linn) Maturity Stages Based on Oil Content and Fruit 159 Development Changes Hilarion, C.C.C., Silip, J.J., Atong, M., Jalloh, M.B. and Gansau, J.A. CHAPTER 4: BIOTECHNOLOGY 164 27. Functional Analysis of Eucheuma denticulatum Gene Involved in Phytoremediation 165 Othman, R. and Murthy, S. 28. In vitro Regeneration of Jatropha curcas: Cotyledonary Leaf Induced More Shoots than 171 Other Explants Azmi, A.R., Maheran, A.A., Mariah, A.H. and Halimi, M.S. 29. The Effects of Carbon Dioxide in the ex vitro Germination on Coffee Somatic 175 Embryogenesis Rina, A. 30. Characterizing Patterns in Developmental Stages of Somatic Embryo of Cocoa 180 (Theobroma cacao L.) Pancaningtyas, S. 31. In vitro Seeds Germination, Protocorms Proliferation and Shoots Development of 189 Borneo Wild Native Orchid, Dimorphorchis rossii Gansau, J.A., Roslina, J. and Spiridrin, S.J. 32. Pregermination of Coffea canephora cv Robusta Young Embryo by the Plating Method 194 in Somatic Embryogenesis Propagation Rina, A. 33. Asymbiotic Germination of Borneo Endemic Orchid Vanda hastifera Immature Seed 199 Gansau, J.A., Bong, C.S., Hartinie, M. and David, D. 34. Formation of Callus in Hylocereus polyrhizus Using Immature Flower Parts 204 Yap, L.V., Davies, J.J., Nur Izzati, M. and Nur Farhana, A.H. 35. Effect of in vitro Vertical Cutting and Leaf Decapitation on Shoot Multiplication of 210 Janggut Adam (Tacca integrifolia) Mohd Zulhilmi, M., Abdullah, T.L., Maheran, A.A. and Stanslas, S. CHAPTER 5: NUTRITION, PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTION AND 214 INNOVATIVE PRACTICES 36. Mycorrhizal Symbiosis in Managing Phosphorus Efficiency in Theobroma cacao L. 215 Baon, J.B. 37. Root Nodulation and Nitrogen-Fixation in Pterocarpus indicus 224 Lok, E.H., Dell, B. and O’Hara, G. 38. Interaction of Microbes Application and Vegetation Cover towards Slope Protection 229 Normaniza, O., Aimee, H., Tan, G.Y.A., Rozainah, M.Z. and Noorlidah, A. v ISBN 978-967-10840-4-5 Proc. Int. Conf. Plt. Phy. 2014 First Published, 2015 39. Biomass Production, Physiological Changes and Secondary Metabolites of Andrographis 237 paniculata Influenced by EFB Media and Water Stress Siti Zaharah, S., Shara Salih, A., Radziah, O. and Puteri Edaroyati, M.W. 40. Approaches Used to Compare Cropping Systems 246 Jagatheeswaran, S. and Walker, S. 41. Corm Nursery Technique for Mass Propagation of Banana Seedlings of Musa acuminata 250 cv. Berangan Ahmad Yusuf, M.K. and Suhaimi, O. 42. Effect of Ratios on pH and Selected Nutrient Contents in Compost Tea Produced from 258 Agricultural Waste Saidin, A.A., Kasim, S., Ahmed, O.H., and Shuib, E.M. 43. Effect of Using Leguminous Cover Crop (Calopogonium mucunoides Desv.) on Leaf N, 262 Chlorophyll Content and Gas Exchange Rate of Black Pepper (Piper nigrum L.) Sulok, K.M.T., Zainudin, S.R., Jarroop, Z., Shang, C.Y. and Lanying, F. 44. Improving Rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. MR219) Growth, Nutrient Uptake and Recovery 269 Using Clinoptilolite Zeolite Palanivell, P., Ahmed, O.H., Susilawati, K. and Nik Muhamad, A.M. CHAPTER 6: PEST AND DISEASE MANAGEMENT, BEST PRACTICES AND 274 CURRENT TECHNIQUES 45. Association of Copper and Zinc to Ganoderma spp. Spatial Distribution in Oil Palm 275 (Elaeis guineensis) Plantations on Peat Rakib, M.R.M., Bong, C.F.J., Khairulmazmi, A. and Idris, A.S. 46. Improving Cocoa Yield and Suppress Pod Rot Disease through Thinning and Pruning 280 Modification Prawoto, A.A. 47. Clonal Selection on Cocoa Resistance to Vascular-Streak Dieback 288 Susilo, A.W. and Anita-Sari, I. 48. Bioactive Compounds Profiling and Their Antioxidant Properties in the Leaves of 296 Curcuma alismatifolia (Zingiberaceae) Taheri, S., Abdullah, T.L. and Karimi, E. 49. Comparison of Column Performance between Monolithic and Particulate Packing for the 300 Separation of Photosynthetic Pigments Indriatmoko, Shioi, Y., Brotosudarmo, T.H.P. and Limantara, L. 50. Chlorophyll Values of Local Green Vegetables Common in Malang, East Java 305 Dettling, M., Indrawati, R., Indriatmoko, Adhiwibawa, M.A.S., Brotosudarmo, T.H.P. and Limantara, L. vi ISBN 978-967-10840-4-5 Proc. Int. Conf. Plt. Phy. 2014 First Published, 2015 CHAPTER 1 PLANT GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT AND PRODUCTION 1 ISBN 978-967-10840-4-5 Proc. Int. Conf. Plt. Phy. 2014 First Published, 2015 Vegetative Propagation in Cocoa (Theobroma cacao): Effects of Propagation Environment and Rooting Substrates on Rooting Behaviour of Cocoa Stem Cuttings Tee, Y.K.1,* and Lamin, K.1 1Malaysian Cocoa Board, 5th, 6th and 7th Floor, Wisma SEDCO, Locked Bag 211, 88999 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.