EIC Science Book by the Euclid Imaging Consortium EDITED BY: Alexandre R´efr´egier and Adam Amara Thomas Kitching Ana¨ıs Rassat Roberto Scaramella Jochen Weller 1st January 2010 Euclid Imaging Consortium Euclid Imaging Consortium Members PI: Alexandre Refregier (CEA Saclay) Co-PIs: Ralf Bender (MPE Germany), Mark Cropper (MSSL, UK), Roberto Scaramella (INAF- Oss. Roma, Italy), Simon Lilly (ETH Zurich, Switzerland), Nabila Aghanim (IAS Orsay, France), Francisco Castander (IEEC Barcelona, Spain), Jason Rhodes (JPL, USA) Study Manager: Jean-Louis Augueres (CEA Saclay) System engineer: Jerome Amiaux (CEA Saclay) Instrument scientists: Mario Schweitzer (MPE), Mark Cropper (MSSL) Olivier Boulade (CEA Saclay), Adam Amara (ETH Zurich), Jeff Booth (JPL), Anna Maria di Giorgio (INAF-IFSI) Co-Investigators: France: Marian Douspis (IAS Orsay), Yannick Mellier (IAP Paris), Olivier Boulade (CEA Saclay), Germany: Peter Schneider (U. Bonn), Oliver Krause (MPIA Heidelberg), Frank Eisenhauer (MPE Garching), Italy: Lauro Moscardini (U. Bologna), Luca Amendola (INAF-Oss. Roma and University of Heidelberg), Fabio Pasian (INAF-OATS), Spain: Ramon Miquel (IFAE Barcelona), Eusebio Sanchez (CIEMAT Madrid), Switzerland: George Meylan (EPFL-UniGE), Marcella Carollo (ETH Zurich), Francois Widi (EPFL-UniGE), UK: John Peacock (IfA Edinburgh), Sarah Bridle (UCL, London), Ian Bryson (IfA Edinburgh), USA: Jeff Booth (JPL), Steven Kahn (Stanford U.) Science working group coordinators: Weak Lensing: Adam Amara (ETH Zurich), Andy Taylor (IfA Edinburgh) Clusters/CMB: Jochen Weller (U. Munich/MPE), Nabila Aghanim (IAS Orsay) BAO (photometric): Francisco Castander (IEEC Barcelona), Anais Rassat (CEA Saclay) Supernovae: Isobel Hook (Oxford, and Obs. Rome), Massimo Della Valle (Oss. Capodi- monte/ICRA) Theory: Luca Amendola (INAF-Oss. Roma), Martin Kunz (U. Sussex/U. Geneva) Strong Lensing: Matthias Bartelmann (U. Heidelberg), Leonidas Moustakas (JPL) Galaxy Evolution: Marcella Carollo (ETH Zurich), Hans-Walter Rix (MPIA) Galactic studies and planets: Eva Grebel (U. Heidelberg), Jean-Philippe Beaulieu (IAP Paris), Photometric Redshifts: Ofer Lahav (UCL), Adriano Fontana (INAF Oss. Roma) Image Simulations: Jason Rodes (JPL), Lauro Moscardini (U. Bologna) Communication: Marian Douspis (IAS Orsay) Science: France: Karim Benabed (IAP), Emmanuel Bertin (IAP), Pascal Bord´e(IAS Orsay), Frederic Bournaud (CEA Saclay), Marian Douspis (IAS Orsay), Herve Dole (IAS Orsay), Raphael Gavazzi (IAP), Guilaine Lagache (IAS Orsay), M. Langer (IAS Orsay), Henry McCracken (IAP), Christophe, Magneville (CEA Saclay), M. Ollivier (IAS Orsay), Nathalie Palanque-Delabrouille (CEA Saclay), Stephane Paulin-Henriksson (CEA Saclay), Sandrine Pires (CEA Saclay), Jean-Luc Starck (CEA Saclay), Romain Teyssier (CEA Saclay/U. Zurich) Germany: Wolfgang Brandner (MPIA), Hans B¨ohringer(MPE), Frank Eisenhauer (MPE), Natascha Foerster-Schreiber (MPE), Bertrand Goldman (MPIA), Oliver Krause (MPIA), Peter Melchior (ITA - Heidelberg), Steffi Phleps (MPE), Roberto Saglia (MPE), Stella Seitz (MPE), Peter Schneider (Univ. Bonn), Benjamin Joachimi (Univ. Bonn), Joachim Wambsgans (Univ. Heidelberg), David Wilman (MPE) Italy: Vicenzo Antonuccio (INAF-Oss. Catania), Carlo Baccigalupi (SISSA), Fabio Bellagamba (U. di Bologna), Silvio Bonometto (U. Milano Bicocca), Andrea Grazian (INAF- Oss. Roma), 4 Marco Lombardi (U. di Milano), Roberto Mainini (INAF Oss. Roma), Filippo Mannucci (INAF - IRA), Roberto Maoli (U. Roma La Sapienza), Sabino Matarrese (U. di Padova), Alessandro Melchiorri (U. Roma La Sapienza), Massimo Meneghetti (INAF- Oss. Bologna), Julian Merten (INAF Oss. Bologna), Lauro Moscardini (U. di Bologna), Claudia Quercellini (U. Roma Tor Vergata), Mario Radovich (INAF Oss. Capodimonte), Anna Romano (U. Roma La Sapienza), Roberto Scaramella (INAF Oss. Roma), Andrea Zacchei (INAF - Oss. Trieste) Spain: Ricard Casas (IEEC Barcelona), Martin Crocce (IEEC Barcelona), Pablo Fosalba (IEEC Barcelona), Enrique Gaztanaga (IEEC Barcelona), Ignacio Sevilla (CIEMAT Madrid), Eusebio Sanchez (CIEMAT Madrid), Juan Garcia-Bellido (UAM Madrid) Switzerland: Rongmon Bordoloi (ETH Zurich), Julien Carron (ETH Zurich), Frederic Courbin (EPFL Lausanne), Stephane Paltani (ISDC/U. Geneva), Justin Read (U. Zurich/U. Leicester), Robert Smith (U. Zurich) UK: Filipe Abdalla (UCL), Manda Banerji (UCL), David Bacon (U. Portsmouth), Kirk Donnacha (UCL), Ignacio Ferreras (MSSL-UCL), Gert Hutsi (UCL), Alan Heavens (IfA Edinburgh), Tom Kitching (IfA Edinburgh), Lindsay King (IoA Cambridge), Ofer Lahav (UCL), Katarina Markovic (UCL/Ludwigs-Maximilians U.), Richard Massey (IfA Edinburgh), Michael Schneider (U. Durham), Fabrizio Sidoli (UCL), Jiayu Tang (UCL/IPMU), Shaun Thomas (UCL), Lisa Voigt (UCL) USA: Joel Berge (JPL), Benjamin Dobke (JPL), Richard Ellis (Caltech), David Johnston (Northwest. U.), Michael Seiffert (JPL), Ali Vanderveld (JPL) Other: Eduardo Cypriano (U. Sao Paulo), Hakon Dahle (U. Oslo), Konrad Kuijken (Leiden) Instrument: France: Christophe Cara (CEA Saclay), Sandrine Cazaux (CEA Saclay), Arnaud Claret (CEA Saclay), Philippe Daniel-Thomas (CEA Saclay), Eric Doumayrou (CEA Saclay), Cydalise Dusmesnil (IAS Orsay), Jean-Jacques Fourmond (IAS Orsay), Jean-Claude Leclech (IAS Orsay), G. Morinaud (IAS Orsay), Samuel Ronayette (CEA Saclay), Zihong Sun (CEA Saclay), Tristan VanDenBerghe (IAS Orsay) Germany: Reiner Hofmann (MPE), Rory Holmes (MPIA), Reinhard Katterloher (MPE), Oliver Krause (MPIA) Italy: Marco Frailis (INAF Oss. Trieste), Pasquale Cerulli Irelli (INAF IFSI), Stefano Gallozzi (INAF Oss. Roma), Michele Maris (INAF Oss. Trieste), Renato Orfei (INAF IFSI), Fabio Pasian (INAF Oss. Trieste), Andrea Zacchei (INAF - Oss. Trieste) Spain: Laia Cardiel (IFAE Barcelona), Francesc Madrid (IEEC Barcelona), Santiago Serrano (IEEC Barcelona) Switzerland: Adrian Glauser (ETH Zurich), Francois Wildi (ISDC/U. Geneva) UK: Eli Atad-Ettedgui (UK-ATC), Ian Bryson (UK-ATC), Richard Cole (MSSL), Jason Gow (Open U), Phil Guttridge (MSSL) , Andrew Holland (Open U), Neil Murray (Open U), Kerrin Rees (MSSL), Phil Thomas (MSSL), Dave Walton (MSSL) USA: Parker Fagrelius (JPL), Kirk Gilmore (Stanford), Steven Kahn (Stanford), Andrew Ras- mussen (Stanford), Suresh Seshadri (JPL), Roger Smith (Caltech), Harry Teplitz (IPAC/Caltech) Acknowledgements We thank the national agencies and institutes in the EIC member countries for their support of the consortium during the assessment phase. We are particularly grateful to CNES, CEA, CNRS, CNAP in France, DLR and the Max Planck Society in Germany, STFC in the UK, ASI (contract “Euclid-DUNE” No. I/064/08/0) in Italy, ETH Zurich, EPF Lausanne and U. Geneva in Switzerland, the Spanish Ministerio de Educacion y Ciencia (grant ESP2007-29984-E) and the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion (grant AYA2008-03347-E/ESP) in Spain, and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, run under a contract for NASA by the California Institute of Technology in the US. We also thank ESA for their coordination of the Euclid Assessment phase, and the members of the Euclid Science Study team and of the ENIS consortium for scientific interactions. 5 Contents List of Authors 3 Acknowledgements 5 Table of Contents 6 I INTRODUCTION 12 1 Overview 13 1.1 Introduction ....................................... 13 1.2 The Euclid Mission ................................... 14 1.3 The Euclid Imaging Instrument and Surveys ..................... 15 1.4 Primary Science .................................... 16 1.5 Legacy Science ..................................... 17 1.6 Simulations ....................................... 18 1.7 Data handling ...................................... 18 2 Publications 20 2.1 Collaboration Papers .................................. 20 2.2 Science working groups and related papers ...................... 20 II THEORY 23 3 Fundamental Cosmology with Euclid: A Theoretical Perspective 24 3.1 Introduction ....................................... 24 3.2 Phenomenology vs fundamental theory of the dark energy ............. 26 3.3 Beyond the background ................................ 26 3.4 Extracting the potentials with Euclid ......................... 29 3.5 Dark Matter ...................................... 30 3.6 Initial Conditions .................................... 31 3.7 Synergy of Euclid with LHC, EELT and Gaia .................... 32 6 Contents 7 3.8 Conclusions ....................................... 33 III WEAK GRAVITATIONAL LENSING 36 4 EIC Weak Lensing 37 4.1 Introduction ....................................... 37 4.2 Basics of Weak Lensing ................................ 38 4.3 Developing the Science Case .............................. 39 4.3.1 Summary of the Predictions .......................... 39 4.4 Code comparison .................................... 40 4.5 Mitigation of Systematic effects ............................ 41 4.5.1 Setting Systematic Limits ........................... 42 4.5.2 Shape Measurement .............................. 42 4.6 Summary of Top Level Requirements ......................... 44 5 Weak Lensing Survey Optimisation for Dark Energy Measurement 48 5.1 Introduction ....................................... 48 5.2 Optimising the survey geometry ............................ 48 5.3 Optimising constraints on cosmological parameters ................. 50 5.3.1 Towards a more precise description of dark energy ............. 52 5.4 Conclusion ....................................... 52 6 Modified Gravity with Lensing 55 6.1 Introduction ....................................... 55 6.2 Distinguishing between