Pediatric Urology Pediatric Urology: Surgical Complications and Management Edited by Duncan T. Wilcox, Prasad P. Godbole and Martin A. Koyle © 2008 Blackwell Publishing Ltd. ISBN: 978-1-405-16268-5 Pediatric Urology Surgical Complications and Management EDITED BY Duncan T. Wilcox mbbs md feapu Associate Professor, Pediatric Urology Rose Mary Haggar Professorship in Urology University of Texas Southwestern Dallas, TX, USA Prasad P. Godbole frcs frcs (paed) Consultant Paediatric Urologist Sheffield Children’s NHS Trust Sheffield, UK Martin A. Koyle md faap facs Professor of Urology and Pediatrics University of Washington; Chief, Division of Urology Children’s Hospital and Regional Medical Center Seattle, WA, USA A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication This edition fi rst published 2008, © 2008 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd Blackwell Publishing was acquired by John Wiley & Sons in February 2007. 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No warranty may be created or extended by any promotional statements for this work. Neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for any damages arising herefrom. Library of Congress Cataloguing-in-Publication Data Pediatric urology: surgical complications and management/edited by Duncan T. Wilcox, Prasad P. Godbole, Martin A. Koyle. p.;cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN:978-1-4051-6268-5 (alk.paper) 1. Genitourinary organs—Surgery—Complications. 2. Pediatric urology. I. Wilcox, Duncan T. II. Godbole, Prasad III, Koyle, Martin A. [DNLM: 1. Urologic Diseases—surgery. 5. Infant. 6. Intraoperative Complications—prevention & control. 7. Male Urogenital Diseases—surgery. 8. Postoperative Complications—prevention & control. WS 320 P3756 2008] RD571.P45 2008 617.4Ј601—dc22 ISBN: 978-1-4051-6268-5 2007050631 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Set in 9.25/11 Minion by Charon Tec Ltd (A Macmillan Company), Chennai, India Printed and bound in Singapore by Markono Print Media Pte Ltd 1 2008 Contents Contributors, viii Foreword, xii Preface, xiv Part I Principles of Surgical Audit 1 How to Set Up a Prospective Surgical Audit, 3 Andrew Sinclair and Ben Bridgewater 2 Evaluating Personal Surgical Audit and What to Do If Your Results Are Outside the “Mean”, 8 Andrew Sinclair and Ben Bridgewater 3 The Implications of a Poor Surgical Outcome, 12 Robert Wheeler Part II General Principles 4 The Metabolic and Endocrine Response to Surgery I, 21 Laura Coates and Joe I. Curry 5 The Metabolic and Endocrine Response to Surgery II: Management, 29 Benjamin P. Wisner, Douglas Ford and Martin A. Koyle 6 Perioperative Anesthetic and Analgesic Risks and Complications, 36 Philippa Evans and Mark Thomas Part III Open Surgery of the Upper Urinary Tract 7 Nephrectomy, 47 Paul Crow and Mark Woodward 8 Partial Nephrectomy, 52 Marc-David Leclair and Yves Héloury 9 Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction, 58 Jenny Yiee and Duncan T. Wilcox 10 Ureteral Reimplant Surgery, 67 Laurence S. Baskin and Gerald Mingin 11 Ureteroureterostomy, 73 Job K. Chacko and Martin A. Koyle v vi Contents Part IV Surgery of the Bladder 12 Epispadias–Exstrophy Complex, 83 Ahmad A. Elderwy and Richard Grady 13 Umbilical and Urachal Anomalies, 92 Paul F. Austin Part V Endoscopic Surgery of the Urinary Tract 14 Cystoscopy and Cystoscopic Interventions, 101 Divyesh Y. Desai 15 Vesicoureteric Reflux, 111 Christian Radmayr 16 Interventional Procedures, 117 Korgun Koral 17 Minimally Invasive Interventions for Stone Disease, 125 H. Serkan Dogan and Serdar Tekgül 18 General Laparoscopy, 132 Chris Kimber and Neil McMullin 19 Laparoscopy for the Upper Urinary Tract, 138 J.S. Valla 20 Robotics in Pediatric Urology: Pyeloplasty, 145 L. Henning Olsen and Yazan F. Rawashdeh 21 Lower Urinary Tract Laparoscopy in Pediatric Patients, 152 Rakesh P. Patel, Benjamin M. Brucker and Pasquale Casale Part VI Genitalia 22 Hernia and Hydrocele Repair, 163 Henrik Steinbrecher 23 Orchidopexy and Orchidectomy, 170 Kim A.R. Hutton and Indranil Sau 24 Laparoscopic Orchidopexy, 183 Derek J. Matoka, Michael C. Ost, Marc C. Smaldone and Steven G. Docimo 25 Varicocele, 193 Ramnath Subramaniam and Eva Macharia 26 Hypospadias Urethroplasty, 201 Warren T. Snodgrass 27 Phalloplasty for the Biological Male, 212 Piet Hoebeke, Nicolaas Lumen and Stan Monstrey 28 Female Genital Reconstruction I, 218 Sarah M. Creighton 29 Female Genital Reconstruction II, 224 Jeffrey A. Leslie and Richard C. Rink 30 Persistent Cloaca, 232 Stephanie Warne and Duncan T. Wilcox Contents vii Part VII Renal Impairment Surgery 31 Hemodialysis and Peritoneal Dialysis, 241 Alun Williams 32 Kidney Transplantation, 247 Alun Williams Part VIII Urogenital Tumors 33 Wilms Tumor and Other Renal Tumors, 257 Michael Ritchey and Sarah Conley 34 Rhabdomyosarcoma, 262 Barbara Ercole, Michael Isakoff and Fernando A. Ferrer 35 Testicular Tumors, 269 Jonathan H. Ross 36 Adrenal Tumors, 278 Bruce Broecker and James Elmore Part IX Trauma 37 Genital Trauma, 289 Vijaya Vemulakonda and Richard W. Grady 38 Urinary Tract Trauma, 296 Ashok Rijhwani, W. Robert DeFoor, Jr, and Eugene Minevich Part X Surgery for Urinary and Fecal Incontinence 39 Augmentation Cystoplasty, 307 Prasad P. Godbole 40 Appendicovesicostomy and Ileovesicostomy, 315 Martin Kaefer 41 Surgical Management of the Sphincter Mechanism, 324 Juan C. Prieto and Linda A. Baker 42 Surgery for Fecal Incontinence, 337 W. Robert DeFoor, Jr, Eugene Minevich, Curtis A. Sheldon and Martin A. Koyle Index, 344 Contributors Paul F. Austin MD, FAAP Laura Coates MBBS, MRCS Director of Pediatric Urology Research Paediatric Surgery Registrar Associate Professor of Urologic Surgery Department of Paediatric Surgery St. Louis Children’s Hospital Bristol Royal Hospital for Children Washington University School of Medicine Bristol, UK St. Louis, MO, USA Sarah Conley MD Linda A. Baker MD Resident, Urology Director of Pediatric Urology Research Mayo Clinic College of Medicine Associate Professor of Urology Phoenix, AZ, USA University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas; Pediatric Urologist Sarah M. Creighton MD, FRCOG Children’s Medical Center at Dallas Consultant Gynaecologist Dallas, TX, USA Elizabeth Garrett