Determining local perceptions and challenges for environmental conservation in Utila, Honduras By Jessica Lea Daniel Dr. Xavier Basurto, Advisor May 2011 Masters project submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Master of Environmental Management degree in the Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University 2011 Abstract The Bay Islands are a group of small islands off the coast of Honduras, comprised of three larger islands - Roatan, Utila and Guanaja - and several dozen cays. Due to the Islands’ Caribbean feel and inexpensive cost they have become a popular tourist destination for thrifty travelers and are a frequent stop for SCUBA diving enthusiasts. Major threats in the region include the destruction of coastal habitats by increasing population and tourism development pressures, increased sedimentation due to extensive use of watersheds and inland deforestation. In particular, Utila has become known as one of the best diving sites in the world, placing further pressure on the island’s fragile marine and terrestrial ecosystems. Declines in island species such as the endemic iguana Ctenosaura bakeri have been documented, along with damaged coral reefs, mangrove deforestation, decreasing coral cover and noted fish declines for several fish species. This last fact may be particularly important given the large fishing community that has existed on the island for decades. Despite Utila’s small size, its roughly 8,000 residents are a mix of generational Utilians, mainland Hondurans, and Ex-patriates who come from extremely diverse backgrounds, thus often making attempts to engage the community in environmental conservation difficult. In an effort to understand the environmental knowledge, attitudes and behaviors of Utila’s three main populations, an environmental survey was conducted in the summer of 2010. Results from the survey indicate that the majority of islanders recognize, and are concerned with, the decreasing health of the island’s ecosystems and resources. It was also found that though most individuals were aware of the island’s various environmental regulations, they recognize that the majority of people do not follow them, and that this is particularly true for fishing regulations. This finding and firsthand experiences led to an in depth look at the Honduran Fisheries Law and subsequent regulations related to the law. This paper presents the findings from the survey and also explores the possibility of using a community based environmental management approach to protect the island’s resources and monitor local fishing practices. ii Table of Contents Abstract ......................................................................................................................................................... ii Table of Contents ......................................................................................................................................... iii List of Figures ............................................................................................................................................... iv List of Acronyms ........................................................................................................................................... iv Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................................... v 1. Introduction .............................................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Background ......................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1.1 Utila .................................................................................................................................................. 3 1.2 Problem Statement ............................................................................................................................. 4 2. Utila Environmental Survey ...................................................................................................................... 5 2.1 Survey Instrument and Sampling Frame ............................................................................................. 5 2.2 Survey Formation and Implementation .............................................................................................. 6 2.3 Data Analysis ....................................................................................................................................... 8 2.4 Error Structure .................................................................................................................................... 8 2.4.1 Sampling Error .............................................................................................................................. 9 2.4.2 Coverage Error ............................................................................................................................. 9 2.4.3 Non-response Error .................................................................................................................... 10 2.4.4 Summary of Error Structure ....................................................................................................... 10 2.5 Findings ............................................................................................................................................. 11 2.5.1 Demographics ............................................................................................................................ 11 2.5.2 Knowledge.................................................................................................................................. 14 2.5.3 Attitudes ..................................................................................................................................... 17 2.5.4 Personal Action .......................................................................................................................... 18 2.5.5 Discussion ................................................................................................................................... 19 3. A Closer Look ........................................................................................................................................... 20 3.1 Fishing Industry in Honduras ............................................................................................................ 20 3.2 Honduran Fisheries Law .................................................................................................................... 23 3.3 Fishing, Regulations, and Enforcement in Utila ................................................................................ 26 3.4 Finding a Solution ............................................................................................................................. 30 3.4.1 The Bay Islands Environmental Management Program ............................................................ 30 3.4.2 Community Based Environmental Management ....................................................................... 31 iii 3.4.3 Community Based Environmental Management in Utila .......................................................... 34 4. Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................... 39 Literature Cited ........................................................................................................................................... 41 Appendix A. Additional Figures ................................................................................................................... 44 Appendix B. Survey Instruments ................................................................................................................. 48 1. Survey of locals .................................................................................................................................... 48 2. Survey of Tourists ................................................................................................................................ 51 List of Figures Figure 1. Top 10 export commodities 2007 - 2009 (UN 2009) .................................................................... 1 Figure 2. Sources for General Information ................................................................................................. 12 Figure 3. Age range of survey respondents ................................................................................................. 13 Figure 4. Respondent years spent in Utila .................................................................................................. 13 Figure 5. Prevalence of environmental issues in Utila ................................................................................ 14 Figure 6. Awareness of Environmental Regulations................................................................................... 16 Figure 7. Respondents' Attitudes Toward Environmental Protection ......................................................... 18 Figure 8. Personal actions of respondents ................................................................................................... 19 Figure 9. Aquaculture in Honduras 1950 - 2010 (FAO 2010) .................................................................... 23 Figure 10. Photo of one of three buckets