Family: Pinaceae Taxon: Abies grandis Synonym: Picea grandis (Douglas ex D. Don) Loudon Common Name: Grand fir Pinus grandis Douglas ex D. Don (basionym) Giant fir Lowland white fir Silver fir Questionaire : current 20090513 Assessor: Chuck Chimera Designation: EVALUATE Status: Assessor Approved Data Entry Person: Chuck Chimera WRA Score 1 101 Is the species highly domesticated? y=-3, n=0 n 102 Has the species become naturalized where grown? y=1, n=-1 103 Does the species have weedy races? y=1, n=-1 201 Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) - If island is primarily wet habitat, then (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- Low substitute "wet tropical" for "tropical or subtropical" high) (See Appendix 2) 202 Quality of climate match data (0-low; 1-intermediate; 2- High high) (See Appendix 2) 203 Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility) y=1, n=0 y 204 Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates y=1, n=0 n 205 Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural range? y=-2, ?=-1, n=0 y 301 Naturalized beyond native range y = 1*multiplier (see y Appendix 2), n= question 205 302 Garden/amenity/disturbance weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 303 Agricultural/forestry/horticultural weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see n Appendix 2) 304 Environmental weed n=0, y = 2*multiplier (see Appendix 2) 305 Congeneric weed n=0, y = 1*multiplier (see y Appendix 2) 401 Produces spines, thorns or burrs y=1, n=0 n 402 Allelopathic y=1, n=0 403 Parasitic y=1, n=0 n 404 Unpalatable to grazing animals y=1, n=-1 n 405 Toxic to animals y=1, n=0 n 406 Host for recognized pests and pathogens y=1, n=0 407 Causes allergies or is otherwise toxic to humans y=1, n=0 n 408 Creates a fire hazard in natural ecosystems y=1, n=0 y 409 Is a shade tolerant plant at some stage of its life cycle y=1, n=0 y 410 Tolerates a wide range of soil conditions (or limestone conditions if not a volcanic island) y=1, n=0 y Print Date: 5/24/2012 Abies grandis (Pinaceae) Page 1 of 8 411 Climbing or smothering growth habit y=1, n=0 n 412 Forms dense thickets y=1, n=0 y 501 Aquatic y=5, n=0 n 502 Grass y=1, n=0 n 503 Nitrogen fixing woody plant y=1, n=0 n 504 Geophyte (herbaceous with underground storage organs -- bulbs, corms, or tubers) y=1, n=0 n 601 Evidence of substantial reproductive failure in native habitat y=1, n=0 602 Produces viable seed y=1, n=-1 y 603 Hybridizes naturally y=1, n=-1 y 604 Self-compatible or apomictic y=1, n=-1 605 Requires specialist pollinators y=-1, n=0 n 606 Reproduction by vegetative fragmentation y=1, n=-1 n 607 Minimum generative time (years) 1 year = 1, 2 or 3 years = 0, >3 4+ years = -1 701 Propagules likely to be dispersed unintentionally (plants growing in heavily trafficked y=1, n=-1 n areas) 702 Propagules dispersed intentionally by people y=1, n=-1 y 703 Propagules likely to disperse as a produce contaminant y=1, n=-1 n 704 Propagules adapted to wind dispersal y=1, n=-1 y 705 Propagules water dispersed y=1, n=-1 706 Propagules bird dispersed y=1, n=-1 n 707 Propagules dispersed by other animals (externally) y=1, n=-1 y 708 Propagules survive passage through the gut y=1, n=-1 n 801 Prolific seed production (>1000/m2) y=1, n=-1 n 802 Evidence that a persistent propagule bank is formed (>1 yr) y=1, n=-1 n 803 Well controlled by herbicides y=-1, n=1 y 804 Tolerates, or benefits from, mutilation, cultivation, or fire y=1, n=-1 805 Effective natural enemies present locally (e.g. introduced biocontrol agents) y=-1, n=1 Designation: EVALUATE WRA Score 1 Print Date: 5/24/2012 Abies grandis (Pinaceae) Page 2 of 8 Supporting Data: 101 2005. CAB International. Forestry Compendium. [Is the species highly domesticated? No] "There are no recognized varieties of A. CAB International, Wallingford, UK grandis, although a green coastal form and a grey interior form are often recognized. Five fairly distinct climatic forms differing in physiological and ecological characters were described by Foiles (1965). Provenance trials in Europe have resulted in ranking Washington and Oregon seed origins. Seed sources west of the Cascade crest (Washington, Oregon) are preferred for planting in the UK and Europe (Lines, 1979). Significant differences in height growth between trees from sources east and west of the Cascade crest have been reported, but the average growth of western and more inland interior seedlings is generally about the same (Steinhoff, 1978a). Most of the genetic variation available for tree improvement appears to be among stands, but genetic gains can also be made by selecting individuals within stands." 102 2012. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. NA 103 2012. WRA Specialist. Personal Communication. NA 201 2005. CAB International. Forestry Compendium. [Species suited to tropical or subtropical climate(s) 0-Low] "A. grandis is a CAB International, Wallingford, UK western North American (both Pacific and Cordilleran) species (Klinka et al., 1999a). It grows in coastal (maritime) and interior (continental) regions from latitude 39 51° N and at a longitude of 125-114° W. In coastal regions, it grows in southern British Columbia (Canada) mainly on the lee side of Vancouver Island and the adjacent mainland, in the interior valleys and lowlands of western Washington and Oregon (USA), and in northwestern California (USA) as far south as Sonoma County. Inland, its range extends from the Okanagan and Kootenay Lakes in southern British Columbia south through eastern Washington, northern Idaho, western Montana, and northeastern Oregon, USA (Foiles, 1965; Little, 1979)." 202 2005. CAB International. Forestry Compendium. [Quality of climate match data 2-High] CAB International, Wallingford, UK 203 1990. Burns, R.M./Honkala, B.H.. Silvics of North [Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)? Yes] "Grand fir is found on a America. Volume 1: Conifers. Agriculture wide variety of sites. Average annual precipitation in its territory ranges from 510 Handbook 654. U.S. Department of Agriculture, to more than 2540 mm (20 to 100 in) in western Washington and on Vancouver Forest Service, Washington, DC. Island. Annual precipitation in the Blue Mountains of eastern Oregon averages 360 to 990 mm (14 to 39 in). In northern Idaho, average annual precipitation is 510 to 1270 mm (20 to 50 in). Most of this precipitation occurs during winter. Generally 15 to 25 percent of the annual precipitation occurs during the growing season, May through August." 203 2005. CAB International. Forestry Compendium. [Broad climate suitability (environmental versatility)? Yes] "Climatic amplitude CAB International, Wallingford, UK (estimates) - Altitude range: 0 - 1830 m - Mean annual rainfall: 360 - 2540 mm - Rainfall regime: summer; winter - Dry season duration: 0 - 3 months - Mean annual temperature: 6 - 10ºC - Mean maximum temperature of hottest month: 13 - 20ºC - Mean minimum temperature of coldest month: -11 - 5ºC - Absolute minimum temperature: > -46ºC" [Potential elevation range exceeds 1000 m, suggesting species possesses environmental versatility] 204 2005. CAB International. Forestry Compendium. [Native or naturalized in regions with tropical or subtropical climates? No] "A. CAB International, Wallingford, UK grandis has an intermediate climatic amplitude within cool to temperate climates (maritime-drier cool, warm mesothermal, continental) (Krajina, 1969; Klinka et al., 1999b). Mean annual precipitation ranges from 510 to 2540 mm in western Washington and on Vancouver Island, but considerably less in northern Idaho (510-1270 mm) and the Blue Mountains of eastern Oregon (360-990 mm). Most of the precipitation in continental areas of its range occurs during winter and, in general, only 15-25% of the annual precipitation occurs during the growing season (Foiles, 1965)." 205 2002. Simberloff, D./Relva, M.A./Nunez, M.. [Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural Gringos en el bosque: introduced tree invasion in range? Yes] Argentina a native Nothofagus/Austrocedrus forest. Biological Invasions. 4: 35–53. 205 2005. CAB International. Forestry Compendium. [Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural CAB International, Wallingford, UK range? Yes] "A. grandis (grand fir) is a fast-growing and very large fir of secondary and old growth forests of western North America. It is a very productive and valued species on a wide range of sites. It is a Pacific Northwest tree that has been introduced to Europe, where it is grown in arboreta and parks, and also on a limited scale as a timber crop (Hermann, 1987)." Print Date: 5/24/2012 Abies grandis (Pinaceae) Page 3 of 8 205 2006. Howell, C.J./Sawyer, J.W.D.. New Zealand [Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural naturalised vascular plant checklist. New Zealand range? Yes] New Zealand Plant Conservation Network, Wellington, NZ www.nzpcn.org.nz 205 2006. Krivanek, M./Pysek, P./Jarosik, V.. [Does the species have a history of repeated introductions outside its natural Planting History and Propagule Pressure as range? Yes] Czech Republic Predictors of Invasion by Woody Species in a Temperate Region. Conservation Biology. 20(5): 1487–1498. 301 2004. Richardson, D.M./Rejmánek, M.. Conifers [Naturalized beyond native range? Yes] "Only four species with a Z score of 1.5 as invasive aliens: a global survey and predictive or less are known to be invasive ( Abies grandis , A. procera and Tsuga framework. Diversity and Distributions. 10: heterophylla , all in Great Britain" 321–331.