CHAPTER ONE PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY 1.1 Consonantal Phonemes The inventory of consonantal phonemes in ANA is given in the fol- lowing table. Any sound whose phonemic status is marginal is given within parentheses. Where voicing is phonologically relevent, unvoiced consonants are given in plain script and voiced consonants in bold- face. Emphatic consonants (see 1.8 below) have a dot placed below them. Areas which have been shaded in represent combinations of place and manner of articulation which are considered to be physically impossible. Place of Labial Coronal Dorsal Radical (n/a) Articulation ¤ Manner of Bilabial Labio- Dental Alveolar Retro- Post- Palatal Velar Uvular Pharyn- Glottal articulation ↓ dental flex alveolar geal Plosive p b p̣ ḅ t d t ̣ḍ k g q ʾ Fricative f v t ̱ḍ̱* s z s ̣ ẓ š ž x ġ ḥ h Nasal m ṃ*n Tap / Trill r ṛ Approximant y w ʿ Lateral l Approximant Affricates č j č̣ 1.2 Realisation of Consonantal Phonemes 1.2.1 /p/ This phoneme is usually realised as an aspirated unvoiced bilabial plo- sive [pʰ]. For example: parča ['pʰaɾʧʰa] ‘slice (of cake etc.)’ malәp ['ma:lәpʰ] ‘that he teach’ k-xepiwa [kxe'pʰi:wa] ‘they used to wash themselves’ 14 chapter one /p/ and other unvoiced stops are unaspirated after an unvoiced frica- tive in a cluster, for example: spiqa ['sp˭i:qa] ‘empty’ naxputa̱ [nax'p˭u:θa] ‘embarrassment, shame’ 1.2.2 /b/ This phoneme is usually realised as a voiced bilabial plosive b[ ]. For example: baġdadnaya [baɣdad'na:ja] ‘native of Baghdad, Baghdadi’ maġrab ['maɣɾab] ‘west’ qasṣ abạ [qa'sˁ:a:ba] ‘butcher’ In the environment of unvoiced consonants, it may, depending on the speed of speech, lose its voicing and be realised as an aspirated unvoiced bilabial plosive [pʰ]. In allegro speech, the voicing is less likely to be retained than in normal and lento speech. For example: qbәlle ['ᵊqbәl:e ~ 'ᵊqpʰәl:e] ‘he received’ p-ḥabsilan [pʰᵊħab'si:lan ~ pʰᵊħap'si:lan] ‘they will imprison us’ 1.2.3 /p̣/ This phoneme is usually realised as an unaspirated pharyngealised unvoiced bilabial plosive [pˁ˭]. For example: p̣alḷ ạ ['pˁ˭aɭˁ:a] ‘burning coal, ember’ p̣ăp̣as ['pˁ˭apˁ˭as] ‘King (of cards)’ An exact minimal pair could not be found for /p/ : /p̣/, which renders the status of the phoneme marginal; however p̣ does occur in the same contexts as p, with no apparent conditioning factors. For instance: čarp̣aya [ʧʰaɾ'pˁ˭a:ja] ‘bed’ tarpạ ‘leaf’ ['tˁ˭aɾpa] p̣anni ['pˁ˭an:i] ‘shade, corner; by the side of’ parri ['pʰar:i] ‘my feather’ 1.2.4 /ḅ/ This phoneme is usually realised as an unaspirated pharyngealised voiced bilabial plosive [bˁ]. For example: ḅәṃ ṃ e ['bˁәmˁ:e] ‘owl’ ʿaraḅaya [ʕaɾa'bˁa:ja] ‘Arab’.