§ULGRAVE MANOR AND THE WA§HINGTON§ v1 History and (juide to the Tudor Home of (j-eorge Washington's e.Ancestors BY H. CLIFFORD SMITH, F.S.A. Author of 'Buckingham Palace: its Furniture, History and Decoration' WITH A FOREWORD BY VISCOUNT LEE OF FARE HAM P.C., G.C.B., G.C.S.I., G.B.E. Chairman of the Su/grave Manor Board JONATHAN CAPE THIRTY BEDFORD SQUARE LONDON FIRST PUBLISHED I933 JONATHAN CAPE LTD., 30 BEDFORD SQUARE, LONDON AND 91 WELLINGTON STREET WEST, TORONTO PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY J. AND J. GRAY, EDINBURGH PAPER MADE BY JOHN DICKINSON AND CO. LTD. BOUND BY A. W. BAIN AND CO. LTD. FRONTISPIECE SULGRAVE MANOR HOUSE. THE SOUTH FRONT. Contents PAGE LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 7 INTRODUCTION BY VISCOUNT LEE OF FAREHAM I I PREFACE 15 MAP OF SULGRA VE 21 PEDIGREE OF THE ANCESTORS OF THE WASHINGTONS OF SULGRAVE 22 PEDIGREE OF THE WASHINGTONS OF SULGRA VE AND VIRGINIA CHAPTER l. THE SCENE 27 IL THE EARLIER HISTORY OF SULGRA VE 34 III. THE ARRIVAL OF THE WASHINGTONS 44 IV. LAWRENCE WASHINGTON, THE BUILDER OF THE MANOR HOUSE 52 V. THE DESCENDANTS OF THE BUILDER 62 VI. SULGRAVE AFTER THE WASHINGTONS 70 VIL THE EXTERIOR OF THE MANOR HOUSE 8 I VIII. THE PORCH, THE 'SCREENS,' AND THE GREAT HALL 93 IX. THE GREAT CHAMBER 117 X. THE INNER CHAMBER, AND THE PORCH ROOM XL THE GREAT KITCHEN XII. THE OAK PARLOUR, AND THE 'WHITE AND CHINTZ BED­ ROOMS 5 CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE XIII. THE GARDEN AND ORCHARD 1 59 XIV. THE VILLAGE OF SULGRAVE 174 XV. SULGRAVE CHURCH, AND THE \iVASHINGTON MEMORIALS I 8 5 XVI. THE PURCHASE AND RESTORATION OF THE MANOR HOUSE 202 XVII. THE ENDOWMENT OF THE MANOR HOUSE BY THE NATIONAL SOCIETY OF THE COLONIAL DAMES OF AMEITTCA 212 APPEXDIX l. PRINCIPAL SUBSCRIBERS TO THE BRITISH PEACE CEN­ TENARY FUND FOR THE PURCHASE OF SULGRAVE MANOR, 1912-1917 223 IL PRINCIPAL SUBSCRIBERS TO THE DAILY TELEGRAPH FUND FOR THE RESTORATION OF SULGRA VE MANOR, 1919-1920 227 III. MEMBERS OF THE COMMITTEE OF THE NATIONAL SOCIETY OF THE COLONIAL DAMES OF AMERICA WHO RAISED THE ENDOWMENT FUND FOR SULGRA VE MANOR, 1923-1925 IV. SUBSCRIBERS TO THE FUND RAISED BY THE TWO REPRE­ SENTATIVES OF THE NATIONAL SOCIETY OF THE COLONIAL DAMES OF AMERICA ON THE SULGRAVE MANOR BOARD FOR THE FURTHER RESTORATION OF SULGRAVE MANOR, 1926-193 I 233 V. THE SIR GEORGE vVATSON CHAIR OF AMERICAN HISTORY, LITERATURE AND INSTITUTIONS 24 I VI. CONSTITUTION OF THE SULGRA VE MANOR BOARD 24 3 BIBLIOGRAPHY 24 5 TECHNICAL WORKS CONSULTED 2 47 INDEX 2 49 6 List oj~ Illustrations PLATES SULGRAVE MANOR HOUSE. THE SOUTH FRONT Frontispiece PLATES FACING PAGE I, a APPROACH TO THE MANOR HOUSE. ON LEFT, THE ANCIENT ELMS; ON RIGHT, 'THE WASHINGTON ELM' IN CENTRE OF LAWN b NORTH ENTRANCE. THE STONE CCURTYARD 82 II, a THE PORCH OF THE SOUTH FRONT, SHOWING THE ARMS OF QUEEN ELIZABETH UPON THE GABLE b THE WASHINGTON COAT OF ARMS, CARVED UPON SPANDREL OF STONE ARCHWAY OF PORCH III, a GENERAL VIEW OF THE MANOR HOUSE FROM THE SOUTH-EAST b and C THE LION OF ENGLAND AND THE TUDOR DRAGON OF WALES. PLASTER FIGURES ON THE WALLS INSIDE THE PORCH 88 IV, a THE SCREENS PASSAGE, WITH A VIEW INTO THE GREAT HALL b THE GREAT HALL, SHOWING PORTRAIT OF GEORGE WASHINGTON OVER THE FIREPLACE, AND HERALDIC GLASS PANELS IN THE WINDOW C THE STAIRCASE, WITH A VIEW INTO THE GREAT CHAMBER V, a GEORGE WASHINGTON, BY GILBERT STUART, PAINTED ABOUT 1795 FOR CHIEF JUSTICE SHIPPEN, AND KNOWN AS THE 'SHIPPEN' PORTRAIT b THE GREAT HALL, SHOWING THE OAK CEILING 104 VI, a ELIZABETHAN 'TIGER-WARE' JUG WITH ENGRAVED GILT COPPER MOUNTS. ABOUT I 580 b DRINKING-CUP OF BEECHWOOD, DATED 1645 C ELIZABETHAN OAK CHEST, THE FRONT AND ENDS CARVED WITH LIONS' MASKS II4 7 LIS'I OF ILLUSTRATIONS ~:..ATE FACING PAGE d JACOBEAN OAK STOOL WITH OPEN ENDS e ELIZABETHAN BABY'S CHAIR WITH TRIANGULAR SEAT 114 VII, THE GREAT CHAMBER, SHOWING TIMBER ROOF, AND ELIZA- BETHAN FOUR-POST BEDSTEAD I 26 VIII, a SILHOUETTE PORTRAIT OF GEORGE WASHINGTON, PAINTED ON PLASTER BY J. THOMASON, ABOUT I 790 b DEED, DATED I 606, SHOWING SIGNATURES OF ROBERT WASHING­ TON (ELDEST SON OF LAWRENCE, THE BUILDER OF SULGRAVE MANOR) AND HIS TWO ELDER SONS, LAWRENCE AND ROBERT I JO IX, a GENERAL VIEW OF THE GREAT KITCHEN b THE GREAT KITCHEN. THE FIREPLACE, SHOWING CHIMNEY CRANE WITH POT-HANGERS, AND SPIT-DOGS WITH SPIT IN POSITION I J 8 x, THE GREAT KITCHEN a DETAIL OF THE FIREPLACE, SHOWING OPEN DOOR OF BREAD OVEN. FROM CHIMNEY BEAM HANG EMBER TONGS, AND THE HEATING-ROD OF THE GOFFERING-IRON SEEN ON SHELF ABOVE b CORNER OF OAK TABLE, WITH SPINDLE-BACK ARM-CHAIR, BOOT JACK, AND WOODEN PATTENS 144 xr, a THE OAK PARLOUR, SHOWING QUEEN ANNE NEEDLEWORK SETTEE, TEA-TABLE WITH BIRD-CAGE ABOVE, AND DOORWAY LEADING INTO GREAT KITCHEN b THE OAK PARLOUR, SHOWING WALNUT SPINET BY THOMAS HITCHCOCK, AND QUEEN ANNE GILT GESSO MIRROR I 52 XII, a THE WHITE BEDROOM, SHOWING CANOPIED BEDSTEAD WITH COLOURED EMBROIDERY, AND DRESSING-TABLE COVERED WITH GREEN MOREEN b THE CHINTZ BEDROOM, SHOWING QUEEN ANNE EMBROIDERED BEDSTEAD, AND A HEPPLEWHITE CHAIR ONCE OWNED BY GEORGE WASHINGTON 1 54 XIII, a THE ROSE GARDEN, SHOWING OUTLINE OF ANCIENT FIREPLACE ON END WALL OF THE TUDOR BUILDING b FLOWER BORDER BESIDE THE TUDOR PORCH, AND ENTRANCE TO THE ROSE GARDEN I 64 xrv, a THE LAWN AND BOWLING-GREEN FROM THE TERRACE, SHOWING PATH LEADING FROM ENTRANCE-PORCH TO ORCHARD b THE ORCHARD IN SPRINGTIME, SHOWING ANCIENT APPLE TREES I 70 8 LIS'!' OF ILLUSTRATIONS PLATE FACING PAGE XV, a SULGRAVE CHURCH, SHOWING SOUTH PORCH BUILT BY LAWRENCE WASHINGTON IN I 564. FROM AN OLD WATER-COLOUR DRAWING band C ENGRAVED BRASSES (1564) OF THE ELEVEN CHILDREN OF LAWRENCE AND AMEE WASHINGTON IN SULGRAVE CHURCH I 86 FIGURES IN THE TEXT PAGE FIG. I. STONE SUNDIAL ON SOUTH PORCH 83 FIG. 2. WROUGHT-IRON GNOMON (POINTER) OF SUNDIAL 83 FIG. 3· INITIALS ON SOUTH PORCH 85 FIG. 4· INITIALS ON SOUTH PORCH 85 FIG. 5. PLASTER-WORK ON GABLE OF SOUTH PORCH 87 FIG. 6. SIXTEENTH-CENTURY STONE VENTILATOR FROM GABLE-END OF BARN 90 FIG. 7. HEAD OF STONE CHIMNEY-PIECE. ABOUT 1600 90 FIG. 8. GROUND-FLOOR PLAN 94 FIG. 9. CHIMNEY-FLUES OF GREAT HALL AND GREAT CHAMBER 102 FIG. IO. CHIMNEY SCRAPER 103 FIG. I I. WROUGHT-IRON LATCH 107 FIG. I 2. FRAGMENT OF A CHEST FRONT. ABOUT 1540 108 FIG. 13. LAWRENCE WASHINGTON'S LEATHER KNIFE-CASE 108 FIG. 14. COAT OF ARMS OF LAWRENCE WASHINGTON, BUILDER OF SUL- GRAVE MANOR, IN STAINED GLASS I I I FIGS. I 5-20. ELIZABETHAN HERALDIC PANELS OF STAINED GLASS SHOWING MARRIAGE ALLIANCES OF THE WASHINGTONS 112 FIG. I 5. WASHINGTON AND KYTSON FIG. I 6. WASHINGTON AND PARGITER FIG. I 7. WASHINGTON AND LIGHT FIG. I 8. WASHINGTON AND NEWCE FIG. 19. WASHINGTON AND BUTLER FIG. 20. WAKELYN AND WASHINGTON 9 LIS'I' OF ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE FIG. 2 I. FIRST-FLOOR PLAN I I 8 FIG. 22. ELIZABETHAN BABY'S SHOE I I 9 FIG. 23. SECTIONAL VIEW OF GREAT HALL AND GREAT CHAMBER l 2 l FIG. 24. JOINERS' MARKS I 2 5 FIG. 2 5. ELIZABETHAN KEYS I 3 I FIG. 26. GEORGE WASHINGTON'S VELVET COAT I 34 FIG. 27. PLAN OF KITCHEN FIREPLACE I40 FIG. 28. WOODEN PATTEN 148 FIG. 29. PLAN OF GARDEN AND ORCHARD 163 FIG. 30. PLAN OF SULGRAVE VILLAGE l 7 5 FIG. 3 I. VIEW OF GREAT STREET, SULGRAVE l 77 FIG. J2. SULGRAVE CHURCH FROM THE SIX BELLS 183 FIG. 33• THE WASHINGTON PEW I 92 FIG. 34• FOURTEENTH-CENTURY CHEST l 97 FIG. 35• COAT OF ARMS OF NORTHAMPTON 2 I l FIG. 36. COAT OF ARMS OF THE NATIONAL SOCIETY OF THE COLONIAL DAMES OF AMERICA 2 20 IO Introduction ERE at last we have the book for which all who are interested in the more intimate and romantic aspects of Anglo­ H American history have been waiting, and, for the first time, we can read an authoritative, scholarly, and exhaustive account of the English home of George Washington's ancestors. To Mr. Clifford Smith the expenditure of time and thought which this monument of patient research represents has been a labour of love, but we are none the less deeply in his debt for the skilful and engrossing manner in which he has discharged a task of international im­ portance. His presentment of the story of Sulgrave Manor and its environment is happily designed to satisfy the tastes and needs of historians, antiquaries, and pious pilgrims alike. Even for the professional architect Mr. Clifford Smith's careful analysis of the structural vicissitudes through which the house has passed is a mine of technical information and disposes once and for all of many legends and misconceptions. These latter have been fostered in some cases by a patriotic but misguided desire to confer upon the Washington family a social and territorial importance to which they themselves certainly had never aspired. They were worthy representatives of the worthiest English stock, but in no sense county magnates, and the Manor House was never a 'nobleman's seat' - even in miniature. To equip it, therefore, if only in imagination, with stately approaches, such as an avenue or towering gate-house, or with extensive 'pleasaunces' would be entirely inappropriate, I I INTR OD UCT10:J( and those responsible for the recent restorations have striven, in a spirit of truth and reverence, to revive only such features of this typically English home as are in conformity with surviving traces or documentary records.