Data Platforms for Smart Cities A Landscape Scan and Recommendations for Smart City Practice Paul Box1, Ashlin Lee1, Gavin Smith2, Adrian Mackenzie2, Todd Sanderson3, Andrew Reeson3, Andreas Duenser3 and Robert Fleet2 1 CSIRO, Land and Water 2 Australian National University, School of Sociology 3 CSIRO, Data61 Citation Box P, Lee A, Smith G, Mackenzie A, Sanderson T, Reeson A, Duenser A and Fleet R (2020) Data Platforms for Smart Cities. A Landscape Scan and Recommendations for Smart City Practice. CSIRO, Australia. Copyright © Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation 2020. To the extent permitted by law, all rights are reserved and no part of this publication covered by copyright may be reproduced or copied in any form or by any means except with the written permission of CSIRO. This report is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International 4.0 Licence International. The terms and conditions of the licence are at: www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Important disclaimer CSIRO advises that the information contained in this publication comprises general statements based on scientific research. The reader is advised and needs to be aware that such information may be incomplete or unable to be used in any specific situation. No reliance or actions must therefore be made on that information without seeking prior expert professional, scientific and technical advice. To the extent permitted by law, CSIRO (including its employees and consultants) excludes all liability to any person for any consequences, including but not limited to all losses, damages, costs, expenses and any other compensation, arising directly or indirectly from using this publication (in part or in whole) and any information or material contained in it. CSIRO is committed to providing web accessible content wherever possible. If you are having difficulties with accessing this document please contact [email protected]. Acknowledgments The authors of this report would like to thank Raghav Bhaskar, Andreas Duenser, Xinlong Guan, Guillaume Jourjon, Magnus Moglia and Thierry Rakotoarivelo – our colleagues in the broader urban data market team – for their excellent work on the technical and application side of the project and input to the report and Colin Griffith for his advice. This research is supported by the Science and Industry Endowment Fund (SIEF) and was undertaken as part of the Data 61 Smart Cities Data Challenge Program. Table of contents Table of contents ............................................................................................................................. i Table of figures iv Table of tables iv Executive summary v 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Purpose and scope .............................................................................................................. 1 2 Data and the city 3 2.1 Platforms ............................................................................................................................. 3 2.2 Data markets ....................................................................................................................... 5 2.3 The ‘personal’ in platforms ................................................................................................. 6 2.3.1 Informed consent for citizens’ data ...................................................................... 6 2.4 Summary ............................................................................................................................. 7 3 Smart cities data platform landscape scan 8 3.1 Overview ............................................................................................................................. 8 3.2 Methods .............................................................................................................................. 8 3.2.1 Defining the scope of the scan .............................................................................. 8 3.2.2 Assessment approach ............................................................................................ 9 3.2.3 Landscape scan assessment tool ........................................................................... 9 3.2.4 Assessment results .............................................................................................. 10 3.2.5 Synthesis and analysis of results ......................................................................... 10 3.2.6 Limitations and constraints ................................................................................. 10 4 Findings from the landscape scan 12 4.1 Overview ........................................................................................................................... 12 4.2 Smart cities – place-based technology configurations ..................................................... 12 4.3 Geography of smart city projects and technology offerings ............................................ 13 4.4 Smart cities ecosystem ..................................................................................................... 14 4.4.1 What ‘species’ inhabit this ecosystem? .............................................................. 14 4.4.2 The changing smart cities ecosystem .................................................................. 15 Data Platforms for Smart Cities | i 4.5 User location data ............................................................................................................. 16 4.6 Vertical and horizontal integration ................................................................................... 16 4.6.1 Vertical integration of physical and digital value chains ..................................... 16 4.6.2 Horizontality and scaling ..................................................................................... 17 4.7 Which sector drives smart cities? ..................................................................................... 18 4.8 Lifecycle stage and level of maturity – from app to data market .................................... 18 4.9 On smart cities and citizens .............................................................................................. 19 4.10 Smart cities in practice ..................................................................................................... 20 4.11 Role of state, market and civil sectors in realising smart cities........................................ 21 4.11.1 The need for equity in smart cities initiatives ..................................................... 21 4.11.2 Value drivers ........................................................................................................ 22 4.11.3 Sectoral concerns ................................................................................................ 23 4.11.4 Key tensions between the sectors ...................................................................... 24 4.12 The economics of platforms ............................................................................................. 26 5 Recommendations for the project 28 5.1 Overview ........................................................................................................................... 28 5.2 Incentives to use the app .................................................................................................. 29 5.2.1 Intrinsic motivations ............................................................................................ 29 5.2.2 Extrinsic motivations ........................................................................................... 29 5.3 Attitudes towards privacy and trust ................................................................................. 30 5.4 Scaling from app to data market ...................................................................................... 31 5.5 Factoring social dimensions of (mobility) data into the design ....................................... 32 5.6 Development team composition and deepening user-centred design ............................ 33 5.7 Privacy stance ................................................................................................................... 33 5.8 Informed consent and end user licence agreements ....................................................... 33 6 Recommendations for broader smart city practice 35 6.1 Overview ........................................................................................................................... 35 6.2 A multisectoral approach with civil society as a first-class citizen ................................... 36 6.3 Institutional arrangements for data platforms................................................................. 37 6.3.1 Design of governance arrangements .................................................................. 37 6.3.2 Data governance .................................................................................................. 39 6.3.3 Standards ............................................................................................................. 40 ii | Data Platforms for Smart Cities 6.4 Data platforms for the public good .................................................................................. 40 6.4.1 Platforms as public utilities ................................................................................. 40 6.4.2 Economic considerations for a public good – oriented platform........................ 41 Appendix A Case studies 44 References 52 Data Platforms for Smart Cities | iii Table