George MacDonald and Lewis Carroll R.B. Shaberman I. Friendshipl n October, 1856, the MacDonald family went to Algiers. The visit wasI undertaken for health reasons—George MacDonald suffered from bronchial ailments—and was made possible by the generosity of Lady Byron, who had been much impressed by MacDonald’s first published book, Within and Without, a drama in blank verse which appeared in 1855. On their return in April 1857, the family moved to Hastings, and took up residence in a house in the then unfashionable Tackleway, near All Saints. A glimpse into the MacDonald’s home at this time was recorded by a visitor: I was delightfully received by a strikingly handsome young man and a most kind lady, who made me feel at once at home. There were five children at that time, all beautifully behaved and going about the house without troubling anyone. On getting better acquainted with the family, I was much struck by the way in which they carried on their lives with one another. At a certain time in the afternoon, you would, on going up stairs to the drawing room, see on the floor several bundles—each one containing a child! On being spoken to they said, so happily and peacefully, “We are resting,” that the intruder felt she must immediately disappear. The nurse was with them. One word from the father or mother was sufficient to bring instant attention . In the evenings, when the children were all in bed, Mr. MacDonald would still be writing in his study— ”Phantastes” it was—and Mrs. MacDonald would go down and sit with her husband, when he would read to her what he had been writing; and I would hear them discussing it on their return to the drawing room. To hear his reading Browning’s “Saul” with his gracious and wonderful power was a thing I shall never forget. Mrs. MacDonald’s energy and courage were untiring, and her capabilities very unusual. (GMD & Wife, p. 289) 1. Grateful acknowledgements are due to the authors and publishers of works North Wind 1 (1982): 10-30 referred to in the text. For abbreviations see p. 30. 2. The house, marked with a plaque, is still standing. [Note: mark for footnote 2 missing in original] [end of page 10] A friend of the MacDonalds at Hastings was Dr. Hale, a homoeopathic doctor. He, in turn, knew Dr. James Hunt, a leading authority on stammering, who lived at nearby Ore. One of his patients was Lewis Carroll, who also used to visit his aunts, the Misses Lutwidge, at Hastings. Thus Lewis Carroll came to be introduced to the MacDonalds, though we do not know exactly when this took place. Carroll’s diaries for this period are missing. However, Greville MacDonald tells us that MacDonald’s friendship with Carroll dated from the days of the Tackleway (GMD & Wife, p.30l). The MacDonalds moved from Hastings to London in October 1859, and so the first meeting must have taken place between the spring of 1858 and the autumn of 1859. Outwardly, Lewis Carroll and George MacDonald differed in many respects. Carroll’s background was English High Church, he was a bachelor, and was already settled as Mathematical Lecturer at Christ Church, Oxford, where he was to reside for the rest of his life. MacDonald’s background was Scottish Calvinism, he was married with a growing family (he was to have eleven children), and constantly changing residence. He was highly effective as a public speaker: Carroll was quite the reverse (only towards the end of his life did Carroll speak in public with some confidence). The MacDonalds often entertained large gatherings at home: Carroll was excessively shy in a crowd. Mark Twain once met Lewis Carroll at the MacDonalds, and recorded his impressions in his autobiography (1906, vol. 2, p. 232): We met a great many other interesting people, among them Lewis Carroll, author of the immortal “Alice”—but he was only interesting to look at, for he was the stillest and shyest full-grown man I have ever met except “Uncle Remus.” Doctor MacDonald and several other lively talkers were present, and the talk went briskly on for a couple of hours, but Carroll sat still all the while except that now and then he asked a question. His answers were brief. I do not remember that he elaborated any of them. But what Carroll and MacDonald had in common was more important than their differences. Both showed in their work influences of the German and English Romantics, whose common theme of an underground realm inhabited by gnomes and goblins could have found a reflection in Alice’s Adventures Under Ground, and in MacDonald’s two Princess books and others. (See Robert Lee Wolff’s The Golden Key, 1961). [11] Tennyson’s The Princess (1847), with Lilia, “half child half woman,” might have give MacDonald the name of the child Lilia in Within and Without, which was commenced in 1850. There seems little doubt that part of the poem beginning “The splendour falls on castle walls,” inserted in later editions of The Princess (1851, p. 73), inspired Bruno’s song in Bruno’s Revenge:— Here, oh, hear! From far and near The music stealing, ting, ting, ting! Fairy bells adown the dells Are merrily pealing, ting, ting, ting! And from The Princess:— O hark, O hear! how thin and clear, And thinner, clearer, farther going! O sweet and far from cliff and scar The horns of Elfland faintly blowing! Nor is the idea of dreaming and waking absent from The Princess (1851, p. 14-15):— And, truly, waking dreams were, more or less, An old and strange affection of the house. Myself too had weird seizures, Heaven knows what: On a sudden in the midst of men and day, And while I walk’d and talk’d as heretofore, I seem’d to move among a world of ghosts, And feel myself the shadow of a dream. —as did the narrators in Sylvie and Bruno, Phantastes and Lilith. Both MacDonald and Carroll were deeply-committed Christians, with an aversion to irreverence, though they were by no means always solemn. My father, wrote Greville, who hated any touch of irreverence could laugh till tears ran at his friend’s ridicule of smug formalism and copy-book maxims. (GMD & Wife, p. 343) [12] Both loved animals and wrote against the growing practice of vivisection. A part of MacDonald’s novel, Paul Faber, Surgeon, was reprinted as an anti-vivisectionist pamphlet. Both were believers in homoeopathy—in George MacDonald’s case, as early as 1850, as a recently-discovered letter shows, and his wife shared his enthusiasm. In The Rectory Umbrella, Carroll poked fun at homoeopathy—but that was before he met the MacDonalds. Later, in the diaries, we find numerous references to various homoeopathic remedies that Carroll took, and which he claimed were effective. We have already noted that a homoeopathic doctor was instrumental in bringing Carroll and the MacDonalds together. MacDonald dedicated a novel, Adela Cathcart, to John Rutherford Russell, physician to the Homoeopathic Hospital in London. (In an unpublished diary entry, dated July 30, 1863, Carroll recorded that he met Dr. Russell). Then there was the theatre. Carroll was a life-long theatre-goer. The MacDonalds went one better, and formed their own theatrical company, with a repertoire including The Three Bears (with George MacDonald as Father Bear) and The Pilgrim’s Progress. In Beauty and the Beast, Greville relates that his father played the Beast with such pathos that he made the children cry. A photograph of George MacDonald as Macbeth forms one of the illustrations in his friend Sir Johnston Forbes-Robertson’s memoirs (1925). The MacDonald company later performed in public, with their daughter Lilia as star (she had a genuine talent for acting, and turned down an offer of marriage because it was made conditional on her leaving the stage). Mrs. MacDonald published a collection of plays for children in 1870. The MacDonalds were thus an unusual and gifted family. Greville, after a slow start at school, became an eminent nose and throat surgeon, and published fairy tales and works on medicine and philosophy. Another son, Ronald, wrote several novels. George MacDonald himself produced some 50 books, comprising poems, novels, criticism, sermons, fairy tales, and two highly original fantasies for adults, Phantastes and Lilith. He was also for a time editor of the periodical Good Words for the Young in which many of his best-known fairy tales first appeared. He began his career as Congregationalist [13] [14] [Note: image not available] Minister in Arundel, Sussex, but was forced to resign, his views having been considered too unorthodox. He then gave up preaching, professionally, and concentrated on writing. And it was in his writing, especially in his expression of the dream-vision, that he came closest to sharing—and influencing—the dream- vision of his friend Lewis Carroll. It did not take Carroll long to make friends with the children. The earliest surviving reference by Carroll to the MacDonalds is a diary entry for 1860. It tells of a meeting with Greville and Mary, in the studio of the sculptor Alexander Munro, for whom Greville was sitting as a model for the fountain group, “Boy Riding a Dolphin” (now in Regent’s Park, London). They were a girl and a boy, about 7 and 6 years old, I claimed their acquaintance, and began at once proving to the boy, Greville, that he had better take the opportunity of having his head changed for a marble one.