E SCCR/20/2 REV ORIGINAL: ENGLISH DATE : MAY 10, 2010 Standing Committee on Copyright and Related Rights Twentieth Session Geneva, June 21 to 24, 2010 Study on the Socioeconomic Dimension of the Unauthorized Use of Signals – Part II: Unauthorized Access To Broadcast Content – Cause And Effects: A Global Overview prepared by Screen Digest, London* * The views and opinions expressed in this Study are the sole responsibility of the author. The Study is not intended to reflect the views of the Member States or the Secretariat of WIPO. SCCR/20/2 Rev 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS TYPES OF UNAUTHORIZED ACCESS............................................................................... 5 PHYSICAL PIRACY ................................................................................................................ 5 HARDWARE BASED UNAUTHORIZED ACCESS .......................................................................... 5 UNAUTHORIZED RE-BROADCASTING OF SIGNALS.................................................................... 5 EXTRA-TERRITORIAL TV ACCESS (GREY MARKET).................................................................. 5 UNAUTHORIZED ACCESS – A REGIONAL VIEW ............................................................. 6 NORTH AMERICA ................................................................................................................. 6 LATIN AMERICA.................................................................................................................... 6 ASIA.................................................................................................................................... 7 EUROPE .............................................................................................................................. 7 AFRICA................................................................................................................................8 MIDDLE EAST ...................................................................................................................... 8 ACCESS BARRIERS AND CAUSES OF PIRACY............................................................... 9 CONSUMER AND INDUSTRY BARRIERS ................................................................................... 9 CONTENT EXCLUSIVITY AND COMPETITION............................................................................. 9 POLICY AND REGULATORY BARRIERS .................................................................................. 10 Non-availability of content ..........................................................................................................10 Content regulation......................................................................................................................10 METHODOLOGY................................................................................................................ 10 GENERAL OVERVIEW AND DESCRIPTION .................................................................... 11 UNAUTHORIZED ACCESS – THE DIFFERENT TYPES .................................................. 12 PHYSICAL PIRACY.............................................................................................................. 12 COMMERCIAL PIRACY ........................................................................................................ 14 PERSONAL VIEWING AND HOME COPYING............................................................................. 15 HARDWARE-BASED UNAUTHORIZED ACCESS............................................................ 16 UNAUTHORIZED RE-BROADCAST OF SIGNALS ...................................................................... 19 EXTRA-TERRITORIAL TV ACCESS........................................................................................ 20 ONLINE PIRACY ................................................................................................................. 22 GLOBAL IMPACT OF UNAUTHORIZED SIGNAL ACCESS ............................................. 26 RIGHTS OWNERS ............................................................................................................... 26 INVESTMENT IN CONTENT PRODUCTION, TECHNOLOGY, INNOVATION ..................................... 27 JOBS................................................................................................................................. 28 GOVERNMENT TAXES, REVENUE ......................................................................................... 28 ORGANIZED CRIME, SOCIAL UNREST.................................................................................... 28 THE IMPACT OF UNAUTHORIZED SIGNAL ACCESS – A REGIONAL VIEW................ 29 NORTH AMERICA ............................................................................................................... 29 LATIN AMERICA.................................................................................................................. 33 ASIA.................................................................................................................................. 38 EUROPE (WESTERN AND CEE) ...................................................................................... 44 AFRICA.............................................................................................................................. 51 MIDDLE EAST .................................................................................................................... 55 CAUSES OF UNAUTHORIZED ACCESS AND PIRACY................................................... 59 ENABLERS......................................................................................................................... 59 SCCR/20/2 Rev 3 ACCESS BARRIERS – A REGIONAL VIEW ..................................................................... 63 NORTH AMERICA ............................................................................................................... 63 LAATIN MERICA.................................................................................................................. 66 ASIA.................................................................................................................................. 69 EUROPE (WESTERN AND CEE) .......................................................................................... 72 AFRICA.............................................................................................................................. 75 MEIDDLE AST .................................................................................................................... 78 SOURCES .......................................................................................................................... 80 GLOSSARY ........................................................................................................................ 81 SCCR/20/2 Rev 4 TABLE OF FIGURES Fig. 1: Peer-2-PeerF (P2P) Networks – How BitTorrent Works ........................................ 23 Fig. 2: Centralized Server-based Network......................................................................... 24 Fig. 4: North America Overview......................................................................................... 32 Fig. 5: Latin America Overview .......................................................................................... 36 Fig. 6: Asia Overview ......................................................................................................... 43 Fig. 7: Europe Overview .................................................................................................... 49 Fig. 8: Africa Overview....................................................................................................... 54 Fig. 9: Middle East Overview ............................................................................................. 58 Fig. 10 Basic pay TV subscription cost €........................................................................... 84 Fig. 11 Premium pay TV subscription cost € ...................................................................... 85 Fig. 12 Basic pay TV subscription cost as a % of per capita GDP .................................... 86 Fig. 13 Premium Pay TV subscription cost as a % of per capita GDP ............................... 87 Fig. 14 Average Hardware/Installation costs as a % of per capita GDP ........................... 88 Fig. 15 Pay-TV Penetration................................................................................................ 89 Fig. 16 Worldwide Pay-TV Subscribers (YE 2008)............................................................ 89 TABLE OF SUMMARIES Tab. 1 Physical Piracy – Key Points .................................................................................. 12 Tab. 2 Hardware-based Unauthorized Access – Key Points............................................. 16 Tab. 3 Unauthorized re-broadcast of signals – Key Points ............................................... 19 Tab. 4 Extra-territorial TV access – Key Points ................................................................. 20 Tab. 5 Online Piracy – Key Points ..................................................................................... 22 Tab. 6 North America – Summary of Key Issues............................................................... 29 Tab. 7 Latin America – Summary of Key Issues................................................................ 33 Tab. 8 Asia – Summary of Key Issues..............................................................................