ftAWLX,f###:'*,tu oce-.*i.v^ + bu'7o;( tuc;t/wwF t4.4t?t * I^rrS?3, Sr^rt{." lr,r^cl Zgd Tebt"'\ lbeg , The Red Book WILDLIFE IN DANGER by James Fisher, Noel Simon, Jack Vincent and members and correspondents of the Survival Service Commission of the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources Foreword by Harold J. Coolidge and Peter Ssott I €*{k COLLINS St James's Place, London 1969 -.. 1 This book was designed and produced in Great Britain by George Rainbird Ltd, Marble Arch House, 44 Edgware Road, London W2, and was printed and bound bY Jarrold and Sons Ltd, Norwich House Editor: Yorke CromPton Editorial Assistant: Julia Trehane Designers: Ronald Clark and George Sharp The maps for the end-papers were drawn by Crispin Fisher orr a tetrakaidekahedral gnomonic projection @ James Fisher, 1969 @ International Union for Conservation ofNature and Natural Resources, 1969 lu-cN {L\ fta1 CONTENTS Illustrations page 6 Foreword 9 Introduction ll MAMMALS 2T BIRDS t70 REPTILES 322 AMPHIBIANS 336 FISHES 339 PLANT S 353 Acknowledgments 361 Iconography 362 Index 363 TLLUSTRATIONS on the same scale' Note; Adjacent subjects are not always shown Colour Plates Page Page 17 N6n6s; koloas; LaYsan teal 193 I Rusty numbat; scaly-tailed possum; 194 thylacine JJ 18 California condor 2 Broad-nosed gentle lemur; mongoose 19 Chinese monals; western tragopans; lemur; fork-marked mouse lemur; Blyth's tragoPan; Sclater's monal 211 western woollY avahi 34 20 WhooPing crane 212 3 Orang utan 51 2l New Zealand shore Plovers; 4 Fin whale; blue whale 52 Audouin's gull 229 5 Atlantic right whale; humPback 22 Golden-shouldered Paradise whale 69 parakeets ; beautiful Parakeets ; 230 '70 Bahaman parrot; Antipodes kakariki 6 Polar bear;SPanish lYnx 23 Red-faced malkoha; Tristram's 7 Asiatic lion; Chinese tiger 8',1 woodPecker ; ivorY-billed 88 8 Przewalski's horse; Persian wild ass woodPecker ; Narcondam hornbill ; Prince RusPoli's turaco 247 9 Great Indian rhinoceros; Sumatran noisY scrub rhinoceros ; southern square-lipped 24 Rufous scrub birds; 248 rhinoceros tzl birds; kokakos; saddlebacks Martinique 10 Wild Bactrian camels 122 25 White-breasted thrasher; brown trembler ; rufous-headed 1 Persian fallow deer; brow-antlered I robin ; Mauritius olivaceous bulbul ; deer 139 28r dappled bulbul oryx; 12 Giant sable antelope; Arabian 26 Hawaiian thrush; omao; Teita olive 140 EuroPean bison thrush; Grand CaYman thrush 282 13 Bontebok; Hunter's hartebeest; 27 Eyreangrass wrens; piopios; Kauai t57 black wildebeest oos; stitchbirds 299 14 Slender-horned gazelle; Sumatran 28 Oahu alauwahios; Kauai akialoas; 158 serow; Walia ibex Kauai nukuPuus; Maui Parrotbills; honeYcreePers 300 15 Abbott's boobY; New Zealand palilas ; crested cahow; rough-faced (king) shag; 29 Bachman's warbler; golden-cheeked L',t5 short-tailed albatrosses warbler; Kirtland's warbler; CaPe dusky seaside white stork; Sable seaside sparrow; 16 Chinese egret; oriental 333 176 sparrow; IPswich sparrow JaPanese crested ibis ILLUSTRATIONS 7 Page Page giant tortoise; maclareni; Gila trout; MoaPa dace; 30 Ttalata; Gal6pagos desert dace 351 leatherY turtle; GallPagos land 334 igtana 32 Purple-stained Laelia orchid; frog;black toad; Welwitschia; Californian big tree ; 3l Pine-barrens tree flamboyant 352 golden frog; olm; Barombia ge 93 and White 94 Drawings in Black Page Page Page t11 208 25 Formosan sika and La P6rouse's megaPode Leadbeater's Possum ).12 Ryukyu sika 130 Pritchard's megaPode 209 Verreaux's sifaka 3l Pdre David's deer t33 Horned guan 210 Indris 36 giant 134 229 Western eland Greater prairie chickens 214 Aye-aYe 39 Wild Asiatic buffalo 135 Masked bobwhite 2t5 Pygmy chimPanzee 46 Tamarau t37 219 gorilla 47 Swinhoe's Pheasant Mountain t42 230 Anoa Elliot's pheasant 220 Ryukyu rabbit 54 Wood bison 146 221 55 Mikado Pheasant Kaibab squirrel t52 Scimitar-horned orYx Japanese crane 223 Dominican hutia 59 Addax 153 Sandhill crane 221 Sperm whale 6l r59 Swayne's hartebeest ZapaIa ru1l 228 Giant panda 75 Japanese serow 163 gallinule 231 Black-footed ferret 76 Hawaiian 167 Markhor Takah6 ZJJ Southern sea otter 78 Cyprian mouflon 168 235 Florida cougars 80 Kagu Giant pied-billed grebe 170 bustard 231 Barbary leopard 89 Great Indian Giant ibis 184 240 Atlantic walruses 90 Eskimo curlews Trumpeter swan 187 godwits 242 Ribbon seal 91 Hudsonian Crested shelduck 191 245 Ross seal 92 Grenada dove New Zealand brown Hawaiian monk seal Kakapo 246 95 teals 198 parrots 249 Dugong 98 African lammergeyer 20t Night 2s0 Somali wild ass 106 Everglade (snail) kite 202 Ground parrots Turquoise grass Cape mountain zebra 107 Gakipagos hawk 203 parakeets 253 Central American tapirs 109 Monkey-eating eagle 205 Splendid grass parakeets 254 Javan rhinoceros 113 Spanish imperial eagle ; Puerto Rican Parrot 25'7 Black. rhinoceros ll9 Mauritius kestrel 206 St Lucia parrot; Pygmy hippopotamus 124 Seychelles kestrel 207 St Vincent parrot 2s8 ILLUSTRATIONS 8 Page Page Page 317 28',7 Tristan grosbeak Imperial Parrots 259 Tristan starchY finch 318 261 Nihoa millerbird 291 Tristan Seychelles owl 329 warbler 292 Atlantic ridleY NewZealandlaughingowl 262 Seychelles nver Western bristlebirds 293 South American Puerto Rico whiP-Poor- turtle 331 will 263 Chatham Island robin 295 Cuban crocodile 332 Imperial woodPeckers 268 Tahiti flycatcher 296 Komodo dragon 335 Island bush wren 269 297 North Tinian monarch ae 345 O r e o da emon quathlamb 270 Small-billed false sunbird Seychelles Paradise Tilapia eisentrauti 347 273 flycatchers 298 Rothschild's starlings 349 304 CyclopharYnx fwae Hawaiian crow 2'15 Ponap6 great whiteYes Dawn redwood 356 276 Akiapolauus 308 St Kilda wren 357 315 Maidenhair tree house wren 277 Semper's warbler St Vincent 3s9 fodY 316 Cedar of Lebanon Seychelles magPie robin 284 Seychelles FOREWORD This book contains information as objective as a global consensus of biological expertise can make it. It is an illustrated collection of facts about some of the more important living things whose survival on our planet is patently in danger. Its message is of bad tidings: of disaster. Here and there it also carries a message of hope. It is written neither in optimism nor in pessimism, but simply objectively, as part of the duty to focus world attention on wildlife in crisis that the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources has charged itself with. To analyse, inform, and prescribe is the I.U.C.N.'s assignment. It has many friends who have helped it with the flrst two tasks. The third needs money and power; and one of the purposes of this book is to help to raise its money, and increase its power - to turn more of its intelligence files into action files, to spread the conservation message from the committed to the un- committed. We believe that this may prove to be one of the most important documents that we have so far placed before the general public, and those who form and lead world opinion and are responsible for action. The I.U.C.N. is a relatively young organization, and it has had a somewhat complicated evolution. ln 1934, on private initiative, the O.I.P.N. (l'Office International pour la Protection de la Nature) was founded in Brussels. After an international conference at Fontainebleau sponsored by UNESCO and the Government of France, this evolved into the I.U.P.N. - the International Union for the Protection of Nature. By 1956 its widening circle of supporting naturalists, ecologists, and conservationists felt that its role and new dynamism called for another change of name: and since then its designation has been the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. The main purpose of the I.U.C.N. is to perpetuate wild nature and natural resources all over the world. It is dedicated to promoting or supporting any action that may ensure this perpetuation. Its devotion to nature is twofold: to its intrinsic cultural and scientific values; and to its values to long-term human welfare, economic and social. Its chief concern is with man's modification of the natural environment through the rapid spread of urban and industrial development and the excessive exploitation of the earth's natural resources, upon which rest the very foundations of man's survival. It has evolved into an independent international organization whose membership comprises states (irrespective of their political and social systems), government depart- ments, private societies and institutions, and international organizations. It is not a United Nations organization; but it enjoys the support of U.N. agencies such as the Food and Agriculture Organization (F.A.O.), the Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), and that of the Council of Europe and other inter-governmental bodies. With all of these it has full consultative status. It also has a specia'i relationship with the International Council for utrd Preservation (I.C.B.P.), an irganiration of some seniority and experience, first 9 FOREWORD t"oorr""ru.u wildlife Fund' in rg22", and with the world in 1g02 and forma'y founded 1961. Landscape foundedin r _ .L_^..-'r sixciw Commissions: Ecology, Education, The I.U.C'N' works through has been written ptrtr, utJSurvival Service' itris Uoot planning, Legislation, National with over fifty members co*rrrir.lo" (t;J itt l949,and now by the Survival s;i;; data on' and to maintain whose ,..;;;-r*i-tity is.to collect from over twenty countries), of extinction' and to initiate plants tha:t may be in danger rists of, all wild uri*ur, u"J the Red Data Book - ,rr" version of tt'i' list - to prevent i;l;;. ruty ,oo from its head- action riirr"gr"prt.d"m"i"r form by the I'u'c'N' published i;;;;*, ioor"-t"ur, (as the status has been irtue of new sheets f.rioii" 1s.