TRAINING MANUAL FOR CUSTOMS AND ENFORCEMENT OFFICERS THIRD EDITION Saving the Ozone Layer: Phasing Out Ozone Depleting Substances in Developing Countries ROGRAMME P NVIRONMENT E ATIONS N NITED U Copyright ©United Nations Environment Programme, 2013 This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or non-profit purposes without special permission from the copyright holder, provided acknowledgement of the source is made. UNEP would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as a source. No use of this publication may be made for resale or for any other commercial purpose whatsoever without prior permission in writing from the United Nations Environment Programme. All trademarks used in this document are the trademarks of their respective companies. Disclaimer While the information contained herein is believed to be accurate, it is of necessity pre- sented in a summary and general fashion. 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Training Manual for Customs and Enforcement Officers Third Edition Saving the Ozone Layer: Phasing out Ozone Depleting Substances in Developing Countries United Nations Environment Programme Division of Technology, Industry & Economics OzonAction Programme 15, rue de Milan, 75441Paris CEDEX 09, France I Acknowledgements This publication was produced by the UNEP Division on Technology, Industry and Economics (DTIE) OzonAction Programme as part of UNEP’s work programme under the Multilateral Fund for the Implementation of the Montreal Protocol This third edition was researched and updated by: Dr. Janusz Kozakiewicz, Professor Industrial Chemistry Research Institute, Poland Based on the original text prepared by: Ms. Brittany Whiting, Global Trade Training Expert, United States of America, and edited by: Ms. Sabra Ledent, Ledent Editing, Montreal, Canada This project was managed by: Dr. Shamila Nair-Bedouelle, Head OzonAction Branch, UNEP DTIE, France Mr. James S. Curlin, Network and Policy Manager OzonAction Branch, UNEP DTIE, France Dr. Ezra Clark, Programme Officer OzonAction Branch, UNEP DTIE, France Mr. Ruperto De Jesus, Programme Assistant/ Project Coordinator OzonAction Branch, UNEP DTIE, France Ms. Mugure Kibe, Documentation Assistant OzonAction Branch, UNEP DTIE, France With special thanks for the invaluable contribution to this manual: UNEP DTIE specifically acknowledges the contribution of the following: Visible Earth - National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) catalogue of NASA images and animation http://visibleearth.nasa.gov/ Environmental Investigation Agency (EIA) http://www.eia-international.org/ Cover photos kindly provided by EIA Mr. Mark Bennett, Senior Vice President Triton Container UK, Ltd. http://www.tritoncontainer.com/tritoncontainer/ Mr. Michael Bennett, General Manager Refrigerant Reclaim Australia (RRA) http://www.refrigerantreclaim.com.au/ II Acknowledgements - Training Manual for Customs and Enforcement Officers This third edition was reviewed by the following: Compliance and Facilitation Directorate World Customs Organization Brussels, Belgium Website: http://www.wcoomd.org OzonAction Compliance Assistance Programme (CAP) Regional Offices Ms. Kakuko Nagatani-Yoshida, Asia and the Pacific (ROAP) Mr. Khaled Klaly, West Asia (ROWA) Ms. Artie Dubrie, Asia and the Pacific (ROAP) Mr. Patrick Salifu, Africa (ROA) Design and production of this Manual and supporting materials: Mr. Benjamin Walker Touraine Design Studio III Foreword Environmental crime is big business – a multi-billion dollar global enterprise. Crime syndicates worldwide earn billions of dollars annually from dumping hazardous waste, smuggling proscribed hazardous materials, and exploiting and trafficking protected natural resources. Illegal international trade in “environmentally-sensitive” commodities such as ozone depleting chemicals is an international problem that threatens our common environment, results in revenue loss for governments, and strengthens criminal organizations. Such illegal trade also undermines the effectiveness of international environmental treaties that have trade components, such as the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. The criminals who engage in smuggling of controlled ozone depleting chemicals operate in every region, trying to circumvent national border controls. This illicit trafficking undermines the substantial hard work, financial resources and time invested by the governments, companies and individuals to implement this treaty. As part of their compliance with the Montreal Protocol, each nation that is a Party to the treaty has to set the necessary policies to regulate trade in these chemicals and establish a monitoring and control system at the borders to enforce them. The Customs and enforcement officers, which are the focus of this publication, are the people who make this import-export control system work. They are the front line of defence. The United Nations Environment Programme recognizes this critical role Customs and enforcement men and women play in each country’s “compliance and enforcement chain”, and we know that without their vigilance and active participation, the rest of the chain will be less effective. Empowering, building skills and equipping Customs and enforcement staff are vital if the Montreal Protocol is to be ultimately successful. This is why UNEP, as part of its work under the Multilateral Fund for the Implementation of the Montreal Protocol (MLF), has developed this training manual and the course methodology. Under the MLF, more than 16,000 Customs and enforcement officers worldwide have been trained by various agencies. This vast majority have been trained by OzonAction’s Compliance Assistance Programme (CAP) using this manual. However, refresher training courses will have to be conducted in order to keep Customs and enforcement officers up to date with the latest issues and developments. This third edition of the manual is updated to reflect the evolving role of Customs and enforcement officers in implementing their commitments under the Montreal Protocol. It includes additional information on all the substances now controlled under the Montreal Protocol, with a focus on hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) which are primarily used as refrigerants and foam blowing agents. HCFCs replaced chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) which were phased out by 1st January 2010. As most ozone depleting substances are also potent greenhouse gases, the section dealing with linkages between ozone layer depletion and global warming has been extended to include new scientific findings. We hope that this manual helps Customs and enforcement officials and staff in their daily work and encourages them to see that their traditional role as guardians of the border is now very much also one of protector of the environment. Achim Steiner, United Nations Under-Secretary-General Executive Director, United Nations Environment Programme IV Foreword - Training Manual for Customs and Enforcement Officers Contents Acknowledgements II Foreword IV Common abbreviations and acronyms IX Guide to the Reader XI Why this training manual? XI How should the training programme be conducted? XI What is the scope of the manual? XII Who should use the manual? XII What’s in the manual? XII Additional learning tools XIII 1. The Ozone Layer and Ozone-Depleting Substances (ODS) 1 What is ozone? 1 What is the ozone layer? 1 Why is the ozone layer very important? 2 What are the effects of ozone layer depletion on human health and the environment? 2 Human health 2 Plants and trees 3 Aquatic organisms 3 Materials 3 Ground-level smog 3 How thick is the ozone layer? 3 What is the ozone hole? 3 How is ozone destroyed? 4 What are ozone-depleting substances? 4 What are the common uses of ODS? 5 What are ODS substitutes? 7 How are ODS released into the stratosphere? 8 When will the ozone layer recover? 8 What are the linkages between ozone depletion and global warming? 8 What is being done to save the ozone layer? 9 2. The International Response to Depletion of the Ozone Layer 10 1985 Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer