IAEA TECDOC 1730 IAEA TECDOC 1730 IAEA TECDOC SERIES Application of Nuclear Forensics in Combating Illicit Trafficking of Nuclear and Other Radioactive Material of Nuclear Trafficking in Combating Illicit Application Forensics of Nuclear TECDOC No. 1730 Application of Nuclear Forensics in Combating Illicit Trafficking of Nuclear and Other Radioactive Material International Atomic Energy Agency Vienna ISBN 978–92–0–115113–1 ISSN 1011–4289 @ APPLICATION OF NUCLEAR FORENSICS IN COMBATING ILLICIT TRAFFICKING OF NUCLEAR AND OTHER RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL The following States are Members of the International Atomic Energy Agency: AFGHANISTAN GUATEMALA PANAMA ALBANIA HAITI PAPUA NEW GUINEA ALGERIA HOLY SEE PARAGUAY ANGOLA HONDURAS PERU ARGENTINA HUNGARY PHILIPPINES ARMENIA ICELAND POLAND AUSTRALIA INDIA PORTUGAL AUSTRIA INDONESIA QATAR AZERBAIJAN IRAN, ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF BAHRAIN IRAQ REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA BANGLADESH IRELAND ROMANIA BELARUS ISRAEL RUSSIAN FEDERATION BELGIUM ITALY RWANDA BELIZE JAMAICA SAN MARINO BENIN JAPAN SAUDI ARABIA BOLIVIA JORDAN SENEGAL BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA KAZAKHSTAN SERBIA BOTSWANA KENYA SEYCHELLES BRAZIL KOREA, REPUBLIC OF SIERRA LEONE BULGARIA KUWAIT SINGAPORE BURKINA FASO KYRGYZSTAN SLOVAKIA BURUNDI lAo pEoplE’s dEmocrATIC SLOVENIA CAMBODIA REPUBLIC CAMEROON LATVIA SOUTH AFRICA CANADA LEBANON SPAIN CENTRAL AFRICAN LESOTHO SRI LANKA REPUBLIC LIBERIA SUDAN CHAD LIBYA SWAZILAND CHILE LIECHTENSTEIN SWEDEN CHINA LITHUANIA SWITZERLAND COLOMBIA LUXEMBOURG SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC CONGO MADAGASCAR TAJIKISTAN COSTA RICA MALAWI THAILAND cÔtE d’IvoIrE MALAYSIA THE FORMER YUGOSLAV CROATIA MALI REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA CUBA MALTA TOGO CYPRUS MARSHALL ISLANDS CZECH REPUBLIC MAURITANIA TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC MAURITIUS TUNISIA OF THE CONGO MEXICO TURKEY DENMARK MONACO UGANDA DOMINICA MONGOLIA UKRAINE DOMINICAN REPUBLIC MONTENEGRO UNITED ARAB EMIRATES ECUADOR MOROCCO UNITED KINGDOM OF EGYPT MOZAMBIQUE GREAT BRITAIN AND EL SALVADOR MYANMAR NORTHERN IRELAND ERITREA NAMIBIA UNITED REPUBLIC ESTONIA NEPAL OF TANZANIA ETHIOPIA NETHERLANDS UNITED STATES OF AMERICA FIJI NEW ZEALAND URUGUAY FINLAND NICARAGUA FRANCE NIGER UZBEKISTAN GABON NIGERIA VENEZUELA GEORGIA NORWAY VIET NAM GERMANY OMAN YEMEN GHANA PAKISTAN ZAMBIA GREECE PALAU ZIMBABWE The Agency’s Statute was approved on 23 October 1956 by the Conference on the Statute of the IAEA held at United Nations Headquarters, New York; it entered into force on 29 July 1957. The Headquarters of the Agency are situated in Vienna. Its principal objective is “to accelerate and enlarge the contribution of atomic energy to peace, health and prosperity throughout the world’’. IAEA-TECDOC-1730 APPLICATION OF NUCLEAR FORENSICS IN COMBATING ILLICIT TRAFFICKING OF NUCLEAR AND OTHER RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY VIENNA, 2014 COPYRIGHT NOTICE All IAEA scientific and technical publications are protected by the terms of the Universal Copyright Convention as adopted in 1952 (Berne) and as revised in 1972 (Paris). The copyright has since been extended by the World Intellectual Property Organization (Geneva) to include electronic and virtual intellectual property. Permission to use whole or parts of texts contained in IAEA publications in printed or electronic form must be obtained and is usually subject to royalty agreements. Proposals for non-commercial reproductions and translations are welcomed and considered on a case-by-case basis. Enquiries should be addressed to the IAEA Publishing Section at: Marketing and Sales Unit, Publishing Section International Atomic Energy Agency Vienna International Centre PO Box 100 1400 Vienna, Austria fax: +43 1 2600 29302 tel.: +43 1 2600 22417 email: [email protected] http://www.iaea.org/books For further information on this publication, please contact: Detection and Response to Malicious Acts Section International Atomic Energy Agency Vienna International Centre PO Box 100 1400 Vienna, Austria Email: [email protected] © IAEA, 2014 Printed by the IAEA in Austria January 2014 IAEA Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Application of nuclear forensics in combating illicit trafficking of nuclear and other radioactive material. — Vienna : International Atomic Energy Agency, 2013. p. ; 30 cm. — (IAEA-tEcdoc series, Issn 1011–4289 ; no. 1730) Isbn 978–92–0–115113–1 Includes bibliographical references. 1. radioactive substances — detection. 2. nuclear substances — Security measures. 3. Nuclear nonproliferation. I. International Atomic Energy Agency. II. Series. IAEAL 13–00863 FOREWORD As a scientific discipline, nuclear forensics poses formidable scientific challenges with regard to extracting information on the history, origin, movement and processing of nuclear and other radioactive material found to be out of regulatory control. Research into optimized techniques is being pursued by leading nuclear forensic research groups around the world. This research encompasses areas including evidence collection, analytical measurements for rapid and reliable categorization and characterization of nuclear and radioactive material, and interpretation using diverse data characteristics or the ‘science of signatures’ from throughout the nuclear fuel cycle. In this regard, the IAEA recently concluded the Coordinated Research Project (CRP) entitled Application of Nuclear Forensics in Illicit Trafficking of Nuclear and Other Radioactive Material. The CRP seeks to improve the ability of Member States to provide robust categorization and characterization of seized material, reliable techniques for the collection and preservation of nuclear forensic evidence, and the ability to interpret the results for law enforcement and other purposes. In accordance with broader IAEA objectives, the CRP provides a technical forum for participating institutes from Member States to exchange technical information to benefit national confidence building as well as to advance the international discipline of nuclear forensics. This CRP was initially planned in 2006, commenced in 2008 and was completed in 2012. Three research coordination meetings (RCM) were convened at the IAEA in Vienna to review progress. K. Mayer of the European Commission’s Institute of Transuranium Elements was the chairperson of the first RCM held in December 2008. C. Larsson of Defence Research and Development Canada chaired the second RCM in May 2010. F. Dimayuga of Atomic Energy of Canada Limited, Chalk River Laboratories, chaired the third RCM held in April 2012. The leadership of the chairpersons was essential to establishing the technical viability of nuclear forensics at the IAEA and with the Member States. The IAEA wishes to thank Member State experts for the organization of the CRP and for the preparation of this publication. The IAEA responsible officer for this publication was D.K. Smith of the Division of Nuclear Security. EDITORIAL NOTE This publication has been prepared from the original material as submitted by the authors. The views expressed do not necessarily reflect those of the IAEA, the governments of the nominating Member States or the nominating organizations. This publication has not been edited by the editorial staff of the IAEA. It does not address questions of responsibility, legal or otherwise, for acts or omissions on the part of any person. 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CONTENTS SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................................................................... 1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................................................... 1 DESCRIPTION OF THE COORDINATED RESEARCH PROJECT ................................................................. 3 PROJECT REPORTS ................................................................................................................................................................. 5 THE DEVELOPMENT OF IT-BASED IN-SITU MOBILE RESPONSE SUPPORTING SYSTEM FOR DETERRING ILLICIT TRAFFICKING OF NUCLEAR AND RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS......................................................................................................................................................................... 12 EXPLOITING CRITICAL EVIDENCE CONTAMINATED WITH ALPHA EMITTING RADIONUCLIDES ............................................................................................................................................................ 15 PROCEDURES AND TECHNIQUES FOR NUCLEAR FORENSICS INVESTIGATIONS .......... 20 DEVELOPMENT OF NUCLEAR FORENSICS