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Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. 35 mm slides or 6"x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. ■UMIAccessing the Worlds Information since 1938 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA Order Number 8824544 Conodont biostratigraphy of the M iddle and Upper Ordovician of the Central Basin, Tennessee Kim, Yoo Bong, Ph.D. The Ohio State University, 1988 Copyright © 1 9 8 8 by Kim, Yoo Bong. All rights reserved. 300 N. Zeeb Rd. Ann Arbor, MI 48106 PLEASE NOTE: In all c a se s this material h as b een filmed in the best possible w ay from the available copy. Problems encountered with this document have been identified here with a check mark V . 1. Glossy photographs or pages 2. Colored illustratiors, paper or print _______ 3. Photographs with dark background i/^ 4. Illustrations are poor copy _______ 5. Pages with black marks, not original copy _______ 6. Print shows through as there is text on both sides of page _______ 7. Indistinct, broken or small print on several pages ________ 8. Print exceeds margin requirements______ 9. Tightly bound copy with print lost in spine ________ 10. Computer printout pages with indistinct print _______ 11. Page(s)____________ lacking when material received, and not available from school or author. 12. Page(s) seem to be missing in numbering only as text follows. 13. Two pages numbered _______ . Text follows. 14. Curling and wrinkled pages 15. Dissertation contains pages with print at a slant, filmed as received 16. Other CONODONT BIOSTRATIGRAPHY OF THE MIDDLE AND UPPER ORDOVICIAN OF THE CENTRAL BASIN, TENNESSEE DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fullfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Yoo Bong Kim, B.S., M.S. The Ohio State University 1988 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Professor Walter C. Sweet Professor James W. Collinson Professor William I. Ausich Department of Geology Professor Lawrence A. Krissek and Mineralogy Copyright By Yoo Bong Kira 1988 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express my great appreciation to Dr. Walter C. Sweet who suggested and supervised this project. Dr. Sweet unselfishly provided his time and guidance and shared his extensive knowledge of conodont taxonomy and biostratigraphy with me. Dr. William I. Ausich read the manuscript and offered many valuable ideas. Dr. Lawrence A. Krissek also read this manuscript and his advice is acknowledged. Dr. James W. Collinson became the fourth person on the committee on very short notice, his sacrifice is greatly appreciated. I am also indepted to Dr. Stig M. BergstrSm, he provided many type specimens for me to examine, in addition, his advice and encouragement during my years as a Student at The Ohio State university are gratefully acknowledged. I would like to thank to Celeste Wilson for her assistance in the operation of the scanning electron microscope. Charles Hart provided valuable technical assistance in the preparation of the photographic plates. Special thanks go to Mrs. Regina Brown and Mrs. Tibbetts for their kind assistance in many library i i researches. Dr. Mark Kleffner, while a graduate student at The Ohio State University, freely discussed his ideas with the author. I gratefully appreciate his tireless assistance. Finally, I would like to thanks my wife, Hyunmi, her patience and devotion contributed greatly to the completion of this project. Grants from the Petroleum Research Fund as administered by the American Chemical Society, Friends of Orton Fund, and ARCO Research Fund are gratefully acknowledged. iii VITA September 8, 1955..................Born, Seoul, Korea. 1931..................................B.S., Geology, The Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea. 1981-1983 ............................Graduate Teaching Associate, Department of Geology, The Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea. 1983..................................M.S., Geology, The Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea. 1984-1986............................Graduate Research Associate, Department of Geology and Mineralogy, The Ohio State University. 1987-1988....... .................... Graduate Teaching Associate, Department of Geology and Mineralogy, The Ohio State University. iv FIELDS OF STUDY Major Field: Geology Studies in Paleontology. Dr. Walter C . Sweet, Dr. Stig M. Bergstrom. Studies in Stratigraphy. Dr. Walter C . Sweet, Dr. Stig M. Bergstrom. Studies in Paleoecology. Dr. William I . Ausich. Studies in Sedimentary Petrology. Dr. James W. Collinson, Dr. Lawrence A. Krissek. v TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEGMENTS................................................. i i VITA..............................................................iv FIELD OF STUDY.................................................... V TABLE OF CONTENTS............................................... vi LIST OF TABLES................................................viii LIST OF FIGURES................................................. ix INTRODUCTION......................................................1 MATERIALS AND METHODS. ................................ 5 CHAPTERS I. LITHOSTRATIGRAPHY.................................... 11 Previous Studies.................................. 11 Description of Stratigraphic Units.............. 16 II. BIOSTRATIGRAPHY................................ 32 Previous Studies.................................. 32 Previous Conodont Studies........................34 Conodont Fauna.................................... 3 5 Conodont Succession...............................44 Discussion..........................................67 Biostratigraphy by Nontraditional Methods .... 69 III. PALEOENVIRONMENTAL INTERPRETATION................102 IV. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS............................ 112 vi V. SYSTEMATIC PALEONTOLOGY............................ 115 LIST OF REFERENCES............................................ 169 APPENDICES A. Description of Sections.........................186 B. Conodont Distribution and Frequency............. 203 C. Ranges of species in the lower and upper sections.......................................... ...210 D. Ranges of species in Tennessee Composite section in terms of Cincinnati Composite Section...............................................213 E. Percentages of Phragmodus, Plectodina, Aphelognathus + Oulodus, and Rhipidognathus in Sections for Relative-abundance analysis.......215 F. Conodont Plates......................................218 Plate I ............................................ 219 Plate II........................................... 221 Plate III..........................................223 Plate IV........................................... 226 Plate V ............................................ 229 LIST OF TABLES TABLE PAGE 1. Lithostratigraphic Classification Scheme in the Central Basin, Tennessee.........................14 2. Conodont Species Represented in studied sections of central Tennessee........................36 3. Conodont Bioprovince of Central Tennessee..........39 4. Correlation of the Central Tennessee Sections with Middle and Late Ordovician Chronostratigraphic Units............................ 97 LIST OF FIGURES FIGURES PAGE 1. Outline Map of Tennessee Showing Major Physiographic provinces............................... 2 2. Index Map of Tennessee Showing Locations of Measured Sections...................................... 6 3. Coverage of Formations by Measured Sections....... 8 4. Lithologies of Western Sections.....................18 5. Lithologies of Eastern Sections.....................22 6. Local Ranges of Species in Western Sections...... 45 7. Local Ranges of Species in Eastern Sections...... 49 8. Correlation of sections of Central Tennessee by Relative-abundance Logs.......................... 75 9. Graphic Correlation of Lower Sections with Tennessee Composite Section......................... 79 10. Ranges of conodont species in Tennessee Composite Section..................................... 82 11. Graphic Correlation of Upper Sections with Tennessee Composite Section.........................87 12. Relative-abundance Logs of Four Districts of the Cincinnati Region and Correlation of Tennessee Composite Section with the ix Southeastern Cincinnati Region.....................89 13. Graphic Correlation of Tennessee Composite Section with the Southeastern Cincinnati Region................................................. 91 x INTRODUCTION A Middle and Upper Ordovician carbonate sequence is widely exposed in central Tennessee. The sequence comprises the