AN INVESTIGATION OF MULTI-DOMAIN ENERGY DYNAMICS A Dissertation by MUNEER LUTFI MOHAMMAD Submitted to the Office of Graduate and Professional Studies of Texas A&M University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Chair of Committee, Mehrdad (Mark) Ehsani Committee Members, Laszlo Kish Le Xie Eun Jung Kim Head of Department, Chanan Singh May 2014 Major Subject: Electrical Engineering Copyright 2014 Muneer Lutfi Mohammad ABSTRACT This research investigates common patterns in all energy systems to develop insights and a clearer understanding of energy conversion and transmissions. The potential benefits of this research are to introduce conceptual models of power conversions that can suggest new power conversion machines, understand some known physical laws, and propose new laws of energy dynamics. The electromagnetic domain is used as an archetype domain since it is the most completely developed and well-documented domain. In this research, an extensive study for the electromagnetic domain and the comparisons between other domains are presented. The work is based on the fact that in all energy engineering systems, the variables to transmit power are similar in functionality. Power can only exist when energy transfers and mutates in space. However, moving in space requires flow, and that flow cannot happen without effort. This work also presents the importance of power conversion through media. In order to connect all energy systems together, some variables should be defined in all existing energy systems. Some of these variables are defined in the literature, such as electrical, but the others are not, such as the thermal and magnetic systems. A comparison between the new approach and the other existing models is presented in order to highlight the differences between the conventional and proposed ii one. Finally, theoretical verifications and explanations of some concepts are presented in this research in a better and more powerful way to validate our theory. iii DEDICATION To my family iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I can never be thankful enough to God who has provided me with health, life, and guidance. All praise and gratitude belong to Him. My sincerest gratitude and thanks go to my advisor, Dr. Mehrdad (Mark) Ehsani, who provided me with the opportunity and environment to carry out my research. His constant support and guidance throughout my research have strengthened me as a researcher. I am also very grateful for the level of freedom he has allowed me in conducting my research. Thirdly, my gratitude goes to my research committee: Dr. Laszlo Kish, Dr. Le Xie, and Dr. Eun Kim, for their time, support, and encouragement. I also thank the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Texas A&M University and the administrative staff for creating a supportive environment. I want to especially thank all of my current and former lab members with whom I have spent endless hours, and learned much: particularly Mr. Billy Yancey, Naeem Farokhnia, Ricardo Castillo, and Yiqi Wang. My deepest gratitude goes to my family for their constant support and unconditional love. They have provided me with the support I needed to survive the darker days of research. I would like to thank my friends in College Station for many happy memories. My appreciation goes out to Saleh, Wael, Ahmad Ashour, Mohammad Qatawi, Ahmad Al-Rashdan, Nathan, Sarah, Joshua, Anas, and all friends in College Station and Jordan. Special thanks to my brothers, Mohammad, Manar, Murad, Majid, and Muntaser. v TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................... ii DEDICATION ..................................................................................................................iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................... v TABLE OF CONTENTS ..................................................................................................vi LIST OF FIGURES ...........................................................................................................ix LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................... xii 1. INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Overview ................................................................................................ 1 1.2 Energy .................................................................................................... 2 1.2.1 Origins of Energy ..................................................................... 3 1.2.2 Conservation of Energy ........................................................... 4 1.2.3 Forms of Energy ...................................................................... 5 1.2.4 Energy Conversion .................................................................. 8 1.2.5 What is Energy? ....................................................................... 9 1.3 Thermodynamics ................................................................................. 10 1.3.1 Laws of Thermodynamics ..................................................... 11 1.3.2 Thermodynamic Process ........................................................ 14 1.3.3 Limitations and Problems with the Current Theory .............. 16 1.4 Dissertation Plans ................................................................................ 18 1.5 Research’s Contributions ..................................................................... 18 2. LITERATURE REVIEW ..................................................................................... 19 2.1 Bond Graph and Interconnect Systems ................................................ 19 2.1.1 Electrical System ................................................................... 19 2.1.2 Magnetic Systems .................................................................. 21 2.1.3 Mechanical System ................................................................ 24 2.1.4 Fluid and Hydraulic Systems ................................................. 26 2.1.5 Thermal Systems .................................................................... 26 2.2 The Concept of Patterns ....................................................................... 27 2.2.1 A Generalized Mathematical Equations ................................ 28 vi Page 2.2.2 A Generalized Behavior ......................................................... 29 2.2.3 A Generalized Geometric Form ............................................. 30 2.2.4 Periodic Table ........................................................................ 31 2.3 Gyrator Theory .................................................................................... 32 2.4 Power-Invariant Magnetic System ...................................................... 35 2.4.1 Magnetic Fundamental Quantities ......................................... 35 3. ENERGY DYNAMIC THEORY ........................................................................ 44 3.1 Research Objectives ............................................................................. 44 3.2 Our Proposition and Motivations......................................................... 46 3.3 Electrostatic ......................................................................................... 50 3.4 Gravitational Field ............................................................................... 57 4. USE OF GENERAL PATTERNS IN ENGINEERING DOMAINS .................. 62 4.1 Electrical Domain ................................................................................ 62 4.2 Space-Time Domain ............................................................................ 67 4.3 Rotational Domain ............................................................................... 71 4.4 Hydraulic Domain ............................................................................... 72 4.5 Thermal Domain .................................................................................. 74 4.5.1 Thermal Inductance ............................................................... 81 5. WAVE PROPAGATIONS .................................................................................. 83 5.1 Transmission Line Equivalent Circuit for Electromagnetic Domain .. 83 5.2 Mechanical Wave ................................................................................ 85 5.2.1 Conventional Rope Equations................................................ 85 5.2.2 Mechanical Maxwell’s Equations for an Elastic Rope .......... 87 5.3 Thermal Wave ..................................................................................... 89 6. CASE STUDIES FOR GENERALIZED ENERGY DYNAMICS ..................... 94 6.1 Transformers ........................................................................................ 94 6.2 Equivalent Circuit for Magnetic Model ............................................... 96 6.2.1 Reluctance-Resistance Model ................................................ 97 6.2.2 Power Invariant Magnetic Model .......................................... 98 6.2.3 Energy Dynamic Model ......................................................... 99 6.3 Superconductivity .............................................................................. 101 6.4 Carnot Efficiency ..............................................................................