The Economic Benefits of Denver’s Park and Recreation System Cover Photos: Darcy Kiefel The Economic Benefits of Denver’s Park and Recreation System A Report by The Trust for Public Land’s Center for City Park Excellence for the City and County of Denver July 2010 © 2010 The Trust for Public Land Table of Contents Executive Summary 1 Background 2 1. Hedonic (Property) Value 3 2. Tourism Value 4 3. Direct Use Value 6 4. Health Value 8 5. Community Cohesion Value 10 6. Stormwater Retention Value 11 7. Air Pollution Removal Value 13 Conclusion 15 Appendix I - Acknowledgments 16 Appendix II - Colloquium Attendees 17 Appendix III - Resources 17 Executive Summary With more than 6,200 acres of parkland, 29 recreation centers, 309 athletic fields, great stream- side trails and myriad other amenities spread across town, Denver’s park and recreation system is a significant reason to live in or visit the Mile-High City. From the historic parks and parkways laid out by planner George Kessler and supported by legendary Mayor Robert Speer to the “City Beautiful” designs laid out for Civic Center Park by Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr., to the recent addi- tions of the South Platte River Greenway, Commons Park and the green spaces of Stapleton, this enduring legacy has great economic value. Even when it was originally created, Denver’s park system was thought of partly as an economic development tool to help put the city on the map. Yet the actual economic value of this asset has never been measured, and now this study provides it. Knowing this number can help planners and policymakers recognize the role of parks not just in buzzwords such as “quality of life” and “livabil- ity” but in terms of the real economic development of the city, informing the legacy of and pros- pect for future investments and budgetary decisions. Seven major factors are enumerated in this study: property value, tourism, direct use, health, community cohesion, clean air, and clean water. While the science of city park economics is in its infancy, the numbers reported here have been carefully tabulated, considered and analyzed for the most recent year available at the time of this study. The valuation includes Denver’s entire park and recreation system—its trails, natural areas, neighborhood and community parks, and park- ways. The study does not include every aspect of a park system with potential value—for instance, the dollar value of the mental health benefit of a walk in the woods has not yet been documented and is not counted here. Two of the factors provide Denver with direct income to the city’s treasury. The first factor is increased property tax from the increase in value of certain residences because of their proximity to parks. This came to nearly $4.1 million. The second consists of sales tax receipts from tourism spending by out-of-towners who came to Denver primarily because of its parks. This value came to over $3 million for the city of Denver, with additional value not counted going to the state of Colorado and the Regional Transportation District. Beyond the tax money, these factors also bolstered the collective wealth of Denverites—by $30.7 million in total property value and by $18 million in net income from tourist spending. A telephone survey on park use of 600 randomly selected city residents revealed two other factors that provided Denver residents with direct savings. By far the largest savings is from the value of us- ing the city’s parks, recreation centers, and trails as public resources instead of having to purchase these items in the marketplace. This value came to $452 million. Second is the health benefit—sav- ings in medical costs—from the beneficial aspects of physical activity in the parks. This came to nearly $65 million. The last three factors also provided savings, but to city government. Two are of the environmental sort. The first involves water pollution reduction—the fact that the trees and soil of Denver’s parks retain rainfall and thus cut the cost of treating stormwater. This value came to just under $804,000. The second concerns air pollution—the fact that park trees and shrubs absorb a variety of air pollutants. This value came to nearly $129,000. And third is the community cohesion benefit of people banding together to save and improve their neighborhood parks. This “know-your- neighbor” social capital, while hard to tabulate, helps ward off all kinds of antisocial problems that would otherwise cost the city more in police, fire, prison, counseling, and rehabilitation costs. This value came to approximately $2.7 million. 1 The park system of Denver thus has provided the city an annual revenue of $7.1 million, municipal savings of $3.6 million, resident savings of $517 million, and a collective increase of resident wealth of $48.7 million. Summary Table. The Estimated Annual Value of the Denver Park and Recreation System Revenue-Producing Factors for City Government Tax receipts from increased property value $4,081,302 Tax receipts from increased tourism value $3,048,861 Total $7,130,163 Cost-Saving Factors for City Government Stormwater management value $804,187 Air pollution mitigation value $128,914 Community cohesion value $2,674,422 Total $3,607,523 Cost-Saving Factors to Citizens Direct use value $452,014,285 Health value $64,955,500 Total $516,969,785 Wealth-Increasing Factors to Citizens Property value from park proximity $30,690,771 Net profit from tourism $18,027,542 Total $48,718,313 Background Cities are economic entities. They are made up of structures entwined with open space. Successful communities have a sufficient number of private homes and commercial and retail establishments to house their inhabitants and give them places to produce and consume goods. Cities also have public buildings—libraries, hospitals, arenas, city halls—for culture, health, and public discourse. They have linear corridors—streets and sidewalks—for transportation. And they have a range of other public spaces—parks, plazas, and trails, sometimes natural, sometimes almost fully paved— for recreation, health provision, tourism, sunlight, rainwater retention, air pollution removal, natu- ral beauty, and views. In successful cities the equation works. Private and public spaces animate each other with the sum greatly surpassing the parts. In unsuccessful communities, some aspect of the relationship is awry: production, retail, or transportation may be inadequate; housing may be insufficient; or the public realm might be too small or too uninspiring. A city’s park system is integral to this equation, but research on the topic has largely been absent in cities even though the economic impact of stadia, convention centers, and museums has been promoted widely. Based on a two-day colloquium of park experts and economists held in October, 2 2003 (see Appendix II), the Center for City Park Excellence believes that there are seven attri- butes of a city’s park system that are measurable and that provide economic benefits to the city. (For a listing of studies done on these issues by participants in the colloquium as well as others, see Appendix III.) What follows are a description of each attribute and an estimate of the specific economic value it provides. The numerical calculation sheets can be obtained from The Trust for Public Land, or they can be accessed online at this address: www.tpl.org/denverparkvalue/. 1. Hedonic (Property) Value Numerous studies have consistently shown that parks and open space have a positive impact on nearby residential property values. The evidence has shown that most people are willing to pay more for a home close to a nice park. Economists call this phenomenon “hedonic value.” (He- donic value also comes into play with other amenities such as schools, libraries, police stations and transit stops. Commercial office space near parks may also command increased value, but no study has yet been able to quantify it.) Incidentally, property value goes up even if the resident never goes into the park; simply the view of Commons Park from Lower Downtown in Denver, for example, can be worth extra value for some. Property value near parks is affected primarily by two factors: distance and the quality of the space. While proximate value (i.e., the “nearness” factor) has been documented for up to 2,000 feet from a large park, most of the value has been found by studies to be within the first 500 feet. To be conservative, we have limited our measurement to this shorter distance. As for park quality, beauti- ful natural resource parks with great trees, trails, meadows, and gardens are markedly valuable to surrounding homes. Excellent recreational facilities are also desirable (with some reductions due to issues of noise, nighttime lighting, and parking). Less attractive or poorly maintained parks, however, are only marginally valuable. And parks with dangerous or frightening aspects can reduce nearby property values. Determining a park-by-park, house-by-house property value for a city is technically feasible, but it is prohibitively time-consuming and costly. Thus we formulated an extrapolative methodology to arrive at a reasonable estimate. Using computer-based mapping, we identified all residential prop- erties within 500 feet of every significant park and recreation area in Denver. (We defined “signifi- cant” as parks of one acre or more that are publicly owned within the city’s boundaries and park- ways with medians consisting of at least ten acres and significant width, such as Monaco Parkway.) According to property records of the Denver Assessor’s Office, there are 47,085 residential proper- ties within 500 feet of parks in the city of Denver.