2014 Production Guide for Organic Grapes NYS IPM Publication No. 224 Integrated Pest Management New York State Department of Agriculture & Markets 2014 Production Guide for Organic Grapes Coordinating Editors Tim Weigle* (New York State IPM Program) Juliet Carroll (New York State IPM Program) Contributors and Resources Andrew Landers (Cornell University, Department of Entomology) Andy Muza (Penn State Cooperative Extension, Lake Erie Regional Grape Program) Terry Bates (Cornell University, Department of Horticulture) Peter Cousins (USDA ARS, Cornell University) Paul Curtis (Cornell University, Department of Natural Resources) Michael Helms* (Cornell University, Pesticide Management Education Program) Greg Loeb* (Cornell University, Department of Entomology) Bryan Hed (The Pennsylvania State University, Department of Plant Pathology) Tim Martinson (Cornell Cooperative Extension, Viticulture) Bruce Reisch (Cornell University, Department of Horticulture) Andrew Senesac (Cornell Cooperative Extension, Suffolk County) Jody Timer (The Pennsylvania State University, Department of Entomology) Justine Vanden Heuvel (Cornell University, Department of Horticulture) Hans Walter Peterson (Cornell Cooperative Extension, Finger Lakes Grape Program) Wayne Wilcox* (Cornell University, Department of Plant Pathology and Plant Microbe Biology) Alice Wise (Cornell Cooperative Extension, Suffolk County) *Pesticide Information and Regulatory Compliance Staff Writers Elizabeth Graeper Thomas (New York State IPM Program) Elizabeth Schiedel (New York State IPM Program) Special Appreciation Format based on the New York and Pennsylvania Pest Management Guidelines for Grapes ipmguidelines.org/Grapes/, coordinating editors Tim Weigle and Andy Muza; and on the Production Guide for Organic Cole Crops, coordinating editor Abby Seaman. Funded in part by the New York State Department of Agriculture and Markets. The guidelines in this bulletin reflect the current authors’ best effort to interpret a complex body of scientific research, and to translate this into practical management options. Following the guidance provided in this bulletin does not assure compliance with any applicable law, rule, regulation or standard, or the achievement of particular discharge levels from agricultural land. Every effort has been made to provide correct, complete, and up-to-date pest management information for New York State at the time this publication was released for printing (June 2014). Changes in pesticide registrations, regulations, and guidelines occurring after publication are available in county Cornell Cooperative Extension offices or from the Pesticide Management Education Program web site (pmep.cce.cornell.edu/ ). Trade names used herein are for convenience only. No endorsement of products in intended, nor is criticism of unnamed products implied. This guide is not a substitute for pesticide labeling. Always read the product label before applying any pesticide. Updates and additional information for this guide are available at www.nysipm.cornell.edu/organic_guide/. Please submit comments or suggested changes for these guides to [email protected]. This guide is published by the New York State Integrated Pest Management Program, which is funded through Cornell University, Cornell Cooperative Extension, the New York State Department of Agriculture and Markets, the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, and USDA-NIFA. Cornell Cooperative Extension provides equal program and employment opportunities. NYS IPM Publication number 226, May 2013. http://www.nysipm.cornell.edu/organic_guide/. ORGANIC GRAPE PRODUCTION INTRODUCTION ___________________________________________________________________________________________ 1 1. GENERAL ORGANIC MANAGEMENT PRACTICES _____________________________________________________________ 1 1.1 Organic Certification _________________________________________________________________________________ 1 1.2 Organic Farm Plan ___________________________________________________________________________________ 1 2. SOIL HEALTH _________________________________________________________________________________________ 2 3. COVER CROPS ________________________________________________________________________________________ 2 3.1 Goals and Timing for Cover Crops ______________________________________________________________________ 2 3.2 Legumes __________________________________________________________________________________________ 4 3.3 Non-legumes _______________________________________________________________________________________ 4 3.4 Mulching __________________________________________________________________________________________ 4 4. SITE SELECTION ________________________________________________________________________________________ 5 4.1 Organic Certification Site Requirements _________________________________________________________________ 5 4.2 Soil and Air Drainage and Soil Depth ____________________________________________________________________ 5 4.3 Soil Testing ________________________________________________________________________________________ 6 5. VARIETY SELECTION ____________________________________________________________________________________ 6 6. VINEYARD NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT _____________________________________________________________________ 7 6.1 Fertility—Vine Size, Vigor, and Demand _________________________________________________________________ 7 6.2 Managing Fertility ___________________________________________________________________________________ 8 6.3 Preparing an Organic Nitrogen Budget _________________________________________________________________ 10 6.4 Organic Fertilizers __________________________________________________________________________________ 11 6.5 Rootstocks ________________________________________________________________________________________ 12 7. ORGANIC VINEYARD IPM _______________________________________________________________________________ 12 7.1 Developing a Vineyard IPM Strategy ___________________________________________________________________ 12 7.2 Pesticides Labeled for use in Organic Grape Production ___________________________________________________ 13 7.3 Pesticide Regulatory Considerations ___________________________________________________________________ 13 7.4 Optimizing Pesticide Effectiveness ____________________________________________________________________ 14 7.5 Disease Management _______________________________________________________________________________ 14 7.6 Diseases of Primary Concern __________________________________________________________________________ 2 7.7 Other Diseases of Note ______________________________________________________________________________ 17 7.8 Insect and Mite Management ________________________________________________________________________ 22 7.9 Insects and Mites of Primary Concern __________________________________________________________________ 22 7.10 Minor and Sporadic Insect Pests _____________________________________________________________________ 30 7.11 Weed Management _______________________________________________________________________________ 40 7.12 Wildlife Management ______________________________________________________________________________ 41 7.13 Harvest & Nuisance Pests ___________________________________________________________________________ 43 8. FOOD SAFETY ________________________________________________________________________________________ 43 9. SPRAYER TECHNOLOGY ________________________________________________________________________________ 44 9.1 Spraying Small, Organic Vineyards: ____________________________________________________________________ 44 9.2 Selecting a Small Sprayer for the Small, Organic Vineyard __________________________________________________ 46 10. PESTICIDES MENTIONED IN THIS PUBLICATION ____________________________________________________________ 48 11. REFERENCES AND RESOURCES _________________________________________________________________________ 50 ORGANIC GRAPE PRODUCTION INTRODUCTION This guide for organic grape production is an outline of cultural and pest management practices and includes topics that have an impact on improving plant health and reducing pest problems. The guide is divided into sections, but the interrelated quality of organic cropping systems makes each section relevant to the others. More research on growing perennial crops organically is needed, especially in the area of pest management. This guide attempts to compile the most current information available, but acknowledges that effective means of organic control are not available for many pests. Future revisions to this guide will incorporate new information providing organic growers with a complete set of useful practices to help them achieve success. This guide uses the term Integrated Pest Management (IPM), which like organic production, emphasizes cultural, biological, and mechanical practices to minimize pest outbreaks. With limited pest control products available for use in many organic production systems, an integrated approach to pest management is essential. IPM techniques such as identifying and assessing pest populations, keeping accurate pest history records, selecting the proper site, and preventing pest outbreaks through use of crop rotation, resistant varieties and biological controls are important to producing a high quality crop. 1. GENERAL ORGANIC MANAGEMENT PRACTICES 1.1 Organic Certification Who needs to be certified? Operations