December 2012 Tutbury Staffordshire Extensive Urban Survey Contents Executive Summary 5 Tutbury Introduction 9 Background 9 Aim 10 Controlled Document Outputs 10 Staffordshire County Council Document No: EC4609.R19 Part One: Background And Setting 11 Section Summary 11 Status: Draft Rev. No: 2 1. Setting 14 1.1 Location 14 1.2 Geology and topography 14 Name Signature Date 1.3 Sources 15 1.3.1 Historical 15 1.3.2 Cartographic 15 Prepared by: Debbie Taylor 03/12/2012 1.3.3 Archaeological 15 2. Context and Historical Development 16 SCC Approved: Stephen Dean 01/03/2013 2.1 Prehistoric 16 2.2 Roman (49AD to 409AD) 17 2.3 Early Medieval (410 to 1065) 17 Checked by: Debbie Taylor 03/06/2013 2.3.1 Placename 17 2.3.2 Settlement 18 2.3.3 Economy 18 2.4 Medieval (1066 to 1499) 18 Revision Record 2.4.1 Settlement 18 2.4.2 Economy 25 2.4.3 Religion 28 Rev. Date By Summary of Changes Chkd Aprvd 2.5 Post Medieval (1500 to 1699) 29 2.5.1 Settlement 29 1. 05/03/2013 DAT Amendments following editing by SAD SAD SAD 2.5.2 Economy 32 2.5.4 Religion 33 2.6 18th & 19th century (1700 to 1899) 33 2. 28/03/2013 DAT Comments by Ben Williscroft, East SAD SAD 2.6.1 Settlement 33 Staffordshire Borough Council 2.6.2 Administration, Education and Welfare 36 2.6.3 Economy 37 2.6.4 Religion 37 2.6.5 Communications 39 2.7 20th & 21st century (1900 to circa 2010) 39 Part Two: Characterisation And Assessment 41 Section Summary 41 3. Statement of Historic Urban Character 42 3.1 Definition of Historic Character Types (HCTs) 42 3.2 Statement of Historic Urban Character (HUC) 42 3.2.1 Heritage values 42 3.2.2 Assessment of value 44 2 3 Staffordshire Extensive Urban Survey Contents Executive Summary 5 Tutbury Introduction 9 Background 9 Aim 10 Controlled Document Outputs 10 Staffordshire County Council Document No: EC4609.R19 Part One: Background And Setting 11 Section Summary 11 Status: Draft Rev. No: 2 1. Setting 14 1.1 Location 14 1.2 Geology and topography 14 Name Signature Date 1.3 Sources 15 1.3.1 Historical 15 1.3.2 Cartographic 15 Prepared by: Debbie Taylor 03/12/2012 1.3.3 Archaeological 15 2. Context and Historical Development 16 SCC Approved: Stephen Dean 01/03/2013 2.1 Prehistoric 16 2.2 Roman (49AD to 409AD) 17 2.3 Early Medieval (410 to 1065) 17 Checked by: Debbie Taylor 03/06/2013 2.3.1 Placename 17 2.3.2 Settlement 18 2.3.3 Economy 18 2.4 Medieval (1066 to 1499) 18 Revision Record 2.4.1 Settlement 18 2.4.2 Economy 25 2.4.3 Religion 28 Rev. Date By Summary of Changes Chkd Aprvd 2.5 Post Medieval (1500 to 1699) 29 2.5.1 Settlement 29 1. 05/03/2013 DAT Amendments following editing by SAD SAD SAD 2.5.2 Economy 32 2.5.4 Religion 33 2.6 18th & 19th century (1700 to 1899) 33 2. 28/03/2013 DAT Comments by Ben Williscroft, East SAD SAD 2.6.1 Settlement 33 Staffordshire Borough Council 2.6.2 Administration, Education and Welfare 36 2.6.3 Economy 37 2.6.4 Religion 37 2.6.5 Communications 39 2.7 20th & 21st century (1900 to circa 2010) 39 Part Two: Characterisation And Assessment 41 Section Summary 41 3. Statement of Historic Urban Character 42 3.1 Definition of Historic Character Types (HCTs) 42 3.2 Statement of Historic Urban Character (HUC) 42 3.2.1 Heritage values 42 3.2.2 Assessment of value 44 2 3 Executive Summary 4. Assessment of Historic Urban Character Areas (HUCA) 47 The Project found within the medieval outer bailey 4.1 HUCA 1: Tutbury Castle and St Mary’s Church 48 of the castle. 4.1.1 Statement of heritage significance and built character 48 The main aim of the Staffordshire EUS is to 4.1.2 Heritage values 49 understand the development and the current 4.1.3 Recommendations 50 The origins of Tutbury remain enigmatic historic character of the medieval towns 4.2 HUCA 2: Castle Street and Church Street 51 with little physical evidence to support within the county. 4.2.1 Statement of heritage significance 51 occupation during the early medieval 4.2.2 Heritage values 53 The project reports for the towns are divided period beyond fragments of possible 4.2.3 Recommendations 54 into two sections. Section one covers the 4.3 HUCA 3: Bridge Street and Tutbury Mill 55 7th century pottery found on Castle Hill. 4.3.1 Statement of heritage significance and built character 55 location and historical development of the The earliest settlement, which may have 4.3.2 Heritage values 57 towns. The history covers the earliest evidence had early medieval origins, has been 4.3.3 Recommendations 57 for human activity through to the 4.4 HUCA 4: Cornmill Lane, Lower High Street & Monk Street 59 establishment of the town in the medieval speculated as having lain to the south 4.4.1 Statement of heritage significance and built character 59 period and through to the present day. east of Castle Hill possibly in the vicinity 4.4.2 Heritage values. 61 Section two covers the characterisation of the of the late 11th century priory site. 4.4.3 Recommendations. 61 town through the creation of Historic Urban Earthworks further to the east have 4.5 HUCA 5: Monk Street 63 Character Areas (HUCAs). The historical 4.5.1 Statement of heritage significance and built character 63 been interpreted as evidence for significance of each HUCA is assessed and deserted settlement. 4.5.2 Heritage values 64 recommendations are put forward. 4.5.3 Recommendations 64 4.6 HUCA 6: High Street, Duke Street & Burton Street 66 Eleven Historic Urban Character Areas (HUCAs) Tutbury formed the administrative 4.6.1 Statement of heritage significance 66 have been identified in this project (cf. map centre of an important estate known as 4.6.2 Built character 67 13). 4.6.3 Heritage values 69 Tutbury honor (which included 4.6.4 Recommendations 69 Needwood Forest and land in 4.7 HUCA 7: South of Cornmill Lane & Close Banks Walk 71 The Historical Development of Derbyshire) in the immediate post- 4.7.1 Statement of heritage significance and built character 71 Tutbury Conquest period (1066). The castle, 4.7.2 Heritage values 72 4.7.3 Recommendations 72 Tutbury lies adjacent to the Dove Valley, priory and borough were all founded in 4.8 HUCA 8: Burton Street 73 a corridor which is likely to have been a this period. Domesday Book (1086) 4.8.1 Statement of heritage significance 73 focus of human activity since the states that the borough, with a market, 4.8.2 Built character 74 existed by the late 1080s and its 4.8.3 Heritage values 75 prehistoric period. The earliest 4.8.4 Recommendations 75 evidence for human activity from the creation may have coincided with the 4.9 HUCA 9: South of Park Pale 76 EUS project area comes from a series of foundation of Tutbury Priory circa 1080. 4.9.1 Statement of heritage significance and built character 76 The borough appears to have been 4.9.2 Heritage values 76 Mesolithic flints found on Castle Hill. A 4.9.3 Recommendations 77 ring ditch probably representing the enclosed by a defensive earthwork now 4.10 HUCA 10: North of Park Pale and Park Lane 78 remains of a Bronze Age barrow lies known as the 'Park Pale'. 4.10.1 Statement of heritage significance and built character 78 4.10.2 Heritage values 79 1km to the south east. It has been Tutbury Castle has been the focus of 4.10.3 Recommendations 80 conjectured that Castle Hill may have considerable investigations most 4.11 HUCA 11: Holts Lane and Ludgate Street 81 been the site of an Iron Age hillfort, but recently in the early 21st century. This 4.11.1 Statement of heritage significance and built character 81 there have been few finds to confirm 4.11.2 Heritage values 82 has comprised architectural survey, 4.11.3 Recommendations 82 this. Castle Hill is, however, the location archaeological investigation as well as of the only known Roman activity in the documentary research. The phasing of 5. Bibliography 84 immediate area; a possible kiln site the castle from its 11th century origins 4 5 Executive Summary 4. Assessment of Historic Urban Character Areas (HUCA) 47 The Project found within the medieval outer bailey 4.1 HUCA 1: Tutbury Castle and St Mary’s Church 48 of the castle. 4.1.1 Statement of heritage significance and built character 48 The main aim of the Staffordshire EUS is to 4.1.2 Heritage values 49 understand the development and the current 4.1.3 Recommendations 50 The origins of Tutbury remain enigmatic historic character of the medieval towns 4.2 HUCA 2: Castle Street and Church Street 51 with little physical evidence to support within the county. 4.2.1 Statement of heritage significance 51 occupation during the early medieval 4.2.2 Heritage values 53 The project reports for the towns are divided period beyond fragments of possible 4.2.3 Recommendations 54 into two sections. Section one covers the 4.3 HUCA 3: Bridge Street and Tutbury Mill 55 7th century pottery found on Castle Hill.