A Study on Smart Dust Networks Maryam Abrishami LITH-EX-11/0101 2011-05-31 Abstract This thesis work is done for the department of Electronic System at The Institute of Technology at Linköping University (Linköpings Tekniska Högskolan). Study's focus is to design and implement a protocol for smart dust networks to improve the energy consumption algorithm for this kind of network. Smart dust networks are in category of distributed sensor networks and power consumption is one of the key concerns for this type of network. This work shows that by focusing on improving the algorithmic behavior of power consumption in every network element (so called as mote), we can save a considerable amount of power for the whole network. Suggested algorithm is examined using Erlang for one mote object and the whole idea has put into test for a small network using SystemC. Acknowledgment I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisor Dr. J. Jacob Wikner for introducing me to the topic as well for the support on the way, useful comments, remarks and engagement through the learning process of this master thesis. Furthermore I would like to thank Specifically Mr. Joe Armstrong and Mr. Jan Hederen for their patient and kind support through this thesis work. Also, I like to thank Mr. Fred Hebert, Mr. Parthaserathi Murali, Mr. Vahid Keshmiri and Mr. Joakim Alvbrant for their kind supports on the way. List of abbreviations Abbreviation A network of modules that are interconnected through WSN Wireless Sensor Networks a wireless communication interface A kind of modulation that different version of IEEE FHSS Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum 802.11 covers different frequency bandwidths for this modulation in indoor and outdoor applications A kind of modulation that different version of IEEE DSSS Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum 802.11 covers different frequency bandwidths for this modulation in indoor and outdoor applications SOM self-organizing Map MEMS Microelectromechanical Sensors MANET Mobile Ad-hoc Network WMN Wireless Mesh Network Defense Advanced Research Projects DARPA Agency PRNET Packet Radio Networks Areal Locations of Hazardous ALOHA Atmospheres CSMA Carrier Sense Medium Access SURAN Survivable Adaptive Radio Networks GloMo Global Mobile Information Systems NTDR Near-term Digital Radio NTDRS Near Term Digital Radio System IETF Internet Engineering Task Force eNB E-UTRAN (or Evolved) Node B SON Self-Organizing Network D-SON Distributed Self-Organizing Network C-SON Centralized Self-Organizing Network Table of Contents A Study on Smart Dust Networks ........................................................................................................1 Maryam Abrishami ..................................................................................................................................1 LITH-EX-11/0101 ......................................................................................................................................1 2011-05-31 ................................................................................................................................................1 1 Introduction .........................................................................................................................10 1.1 Motivation .........................................................................................................................................10 1.2 Working environment ......................................................................................................................10 1.3 Work specification ...........................................................................................................................11 1.4 Outline of thesis ...............................................................................................................................11 2 Distributed networks ............................................................................................................13 2.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................13 2.2 Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) ................................................................................................13 2.3 Smart Dust ........................................................................................................................................14 2.3.1 What is a smart dust network? ...............................................................................................................................15 2.3.2 Examples of existing applications smart dust ........................................................................................................15 2.3.3 Future applications for smart dust .........................................................................................................................15 2.4 Other network types? ......................................................................................................................16 2.4.1 Ad-hoc Network ......................................................................................................................................................16 2.4.1.1 Ad-hoc Sensor Networks.................................................................................................................................17 2.4.1.2 Ad-hoc Mobile Networks..................................................................................................................................18 2.4.2 Ad-hoc Standards ..................................................................................................................................................18 2.4.3 Autonomous Sensor Networks ...............................................................................................................................18 3 Artificial Intelligence for Smart Dust Networks ....................................................................20 3.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................20 3.2 Artificial Intelligence ........................................................................................................................20 3.2.1 Fuzzy logic ............................................................................................................................................................20 3.3 self-organizing Networks (SON) .....................................................................................................21 3.3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................ 21 3.3.2 SON Architectural types .........................................................................................................................................21 3.3.2.1 Distributed SON................................................................................................................................................22 3.3.2.2 Centralized SON...............................................................................................................................................22 3.3.2.3 Hybrid SON ......................................................................................................................................................22 3.3.3 SON Functions .......................................................................................................................................................22 3.3.3.1 Self-configuration..............................................................................................................................................23 3.3.3.2 Self-optimization...............................................................................................................................................23 3.3.3.3 Self-healing.......................................................................................................................................................23 3.3.3.4 SON Self-Configuration....................................................................................................................................23 3.3.3.5 SON Self-Optimization......................................................................................................................................24 3.3.3.5.1 Self-optimizing motivation...........................................................................................................................................24 3.3.3.5.2 Self-optimizing network functionality..........................................................................................................................25 3.3.3.6 SON Self-Healing..............................................................................................................................................27 3.3.3.6.1 Self-healing network basics........................................................................................................................................27 3.3.3.6.2 Cell Degradation ........................................................................................................................................................27 3.3.3.6.3 Cell outage compensation..........................................................................................................................................28