UNCLASSIFIED BAE SYSTEMS PROPRIETARY 3D Displays: A Human-Centred Review The investigation which is the subject of this Report was initiated by the Dstl Programme Office. Reference ........................................... HFIDTCPV_T2_2_2 Version ............................................................................. 1 Date ........................................................... 24 January 2012 Prepared by BAE Systems (Operations) Limited under Contract No. C/HCB/N03751 (DSTLX 1000041669) dated 04/2010. The rights of the Ministry of Defence of reproduction and use are subject to the terms of DEFCON90 (Edn 11/06) © BAE Systems 2011. All Rights Reserved. Issued by BAE Systems on behalf of the HFI DTC consortium. The HFI DTC consortium consists of BAE Systems, Cranfield University, Lockheed Martin, MBDA, SEA, Southampton University and the University of Birmingham. 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BAE SYSTEMS PROPRIETARY UNCLASSIFIED HFIDTCPV_T2_2_2 UNCLASSIFIED Version 1/ 24 January 2012 BAE SYSTEMS PROPRIETARY Security Any person, other than the authorised holder, upon obtaining possession of the document should forward it, together with his name and address in a sealed envelope to: The Security Officer BAE Systems Alvington Yeovil Somerset BA22 8UZ Telephone ................................................. (01935) 443000 Facsimile .................................................... (01935) 443111 ALL RECIPIENTS OF THIS REPORT ARE ADVISED THAT IT MUST NOT BE COPIED IN WHOLE OR IN PART OR BE GIVEN FURTHER DISTRIBUTION OUTSIDE THE AUTHORITY WITHOUT THE WRITTEN APPROVAL OF THE DSTL PROGRAMME OFFICE – HUMAN DIMENSION AND MEDICAL SCIENCES DOMAIN. © BAE Systems 2012. All Rights Reserved. The authors of this report have asserted their moral rights under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as the authors of this work. BAE SYSTEMS PROPRIETARY ii UNCLASSIFIED © Copyright BAE Systems 2012. Any use, duplication or disclosure of information contained on this page is subject to the restrictions on the title page of this document. HFIDTCPV_T2_2_2 UNCLASSIFIED Version 1/ 24 January 2012 BAE SYSTEMS PROPRIETARY Approvals Approval ...................................................... Dr Karen Lane Title ....................................................... HFI DTC Director Authorisation ...................................... Professor Bob Stone Title ..................................................... Work Package Lead Distribution Dr Colin Corbridge ......................... Capability Advisor, Dstl Fiona Cotter .....................................Dstl Programme Office Neal Smith .......................................Dstl Programme Office Julian Starkey .................................................. HQ LF, FDT Paul Elrick....................................................... HQ LF, FDT Dr Dawn Johansen .................................................... ARTD BAE Systems, Yeovil .................................................... File Consortium Members ........................................... HFI DTC BAE SYSTEMS PROPRIETARY iii UNCLASSIFIED © Copyright BAE Systems 2012. Any use, duplication or disclosure of information contained on this page is subject to the restrictions on the title page of this document. HFIDTCPV_T2_2_2 UNCLASSIFIED Version 1/ 24 January 2012 BAE SYSTEMS PROPRIETARY Amendment Page Version Amendment Change Author/ Remarks Date Reference Amended By 1 24 Jan 12 n/a Professor Bob Original Issue Stone 1b 08 Feb 12 01 Professor Bob Corrections Following First Proof- Stone Read Authors Professor Robert J. Stone University of Birmingham Dr James F. Knight University of Birmingham BAE SYSTEMS PROPRIETARY iv UNCLASSIFIED © Copyright BAE Systems 2012. 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HFIDTCPV_T2_2_2 UNCLASSIFIED Version 1/ 24 January 2012 BAE SYSTEMS PROPRIETARY Contents 1 Executive Summary .................................................................................... 1 2 Introduction ................................................................................................ 3 2.1 Background ..................................................................................................................... 3 2.2 A Brief Historical Review................................................................................................. 3 3 3D & Stereoscopic Display Technologies ................................................ 10 3.1 Passive Stereo .............................................................................................................. 10 3.2 Active Stereo ................................................................................................................ 11 3.3 Autostereoscopic Displays ............................................................................................ 13 3.4 Volumetric Displays ...................................................................................................... 15 3.5 Head-Mounted Displays (HMDs) ................................................................................... 18 4 Human Stereo Vision – Dysfunctions and Viewing Problems .................. 19 4.1 Stereovision Problems 1: Physiological Conditions ....................................................... 20 4.1.1 Testing for Stereo Blindness – Stereoacuity ........................................................ 20 4.2 Stereovision Problems 2: Poor Content and Delivery Design ........................................ 22 5 The Pros and Cons of Human 3D/Stereo Vision ...................................... 26 5.1 Generic Benefits of Binocular/Stereoscopic Vision ........................................................ 26 6 Application-Specific Examples – Evidence For and Against 3D/Stereo Displays ............................................................................................................ 28 6.1 Air Traffic Control / Management .................................................................................. 28 6.1.1 3D Perspective Displays ..................................................................................... 28 6.1.2 ATM / ATC – Summary ....................................................................................... 32 6.2 Teleoperation ................................................................................................................ 32 6.2.1 Stereoscopic Systems for Remotely Operated (Subsea) Vehicles ....................... 39 6.3 Surgery ......................................................................................................................... 40 6.3.1 The Rationale for the use of 3D in Surgery .......................................................... 40 6.3.2 Evidence For and Against – Experimental Studies .............................................. 41 6.3.3 General Medical/Surgical Review Papers ............................................................ 43 BAE SYSTEMS PROPRIETARY v UNCLASSIFIED © Copyright BAE Systems 2012. Any use, duplication or disclosure of information contained on this page is subject to the restrictions on the title page of this document. HFIDTCPV_T2_2_2 UNCLASSIFIED Version 1/ 24 January 2012 BAE SYSTEMS PROPRIETARY 6.4 Command and Control .................................................................................................. 43 6.4.1 Submarine “Traffic” ............................................................................................. 47 7 Conclusions.............................................................................................. 48 8 Recommendations ................................................................................... 50 References ....................................................................................................... 53 BAE SYSTEMS PROPRIETARY vi UNCLASSIFIED © Copyright BAE Systems 2012. Any use, duplication or disclosure of information contained on this page is subject to the restrictions on the title page of this document. HFIDTCPV_T2_2_2 UNCLASSIFIED Version 1/ 24 January 2012 BAE SYSTEMS PROPRIETARY Acronyms & Abbreviations 2D Two Dimensions / Dimensional 3D Three Dimensions / Dimensional AEA Atomic Energy Authority AR Augmented Reality ATC/M Air Traffic Control/Management C2 Command and Control CAVE Cave Automatic Virtual Environment CAD Computer-Aided Design CCTV Closed-Circuit Television CD Compact Disc CGI Computer-Generated Imagery C-IED Counter Improvised Explosive Device(s) COTS Commercial Off-The-Shelf COVE COmputerised Virtual Environment (in effect, a small CAVE) CRT Cathode Ray Tube