DOCUMENT RESUME ED 242 882 CE 038 626 TITLE Orchard Management: Horticultural Practices for Peace Corps Volunteers; Appropriate Technologiesfor Development; Reprint R-31; INSTITUTION Development and Resources Corp; SPONS AGENCY Peace Corps; Washington; DC. InformationCollection and Exchange Div; PUB DATE Sep 82 CONTRACT PC-25-1703 NOTE 119p; PUB TYPE Guides Classroom Use Materials (For Learner) (051) EDRS PRICE MFOI/PC05 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTOPS *Agricultural Education; Agricu3tural Production; Agricultural Skills; Botany; Guidelines; *Horticulture; Learning Activities; Pests; Photosynthesis; *Plant Growth;_Plant Identification; Plant Pathology; Plant Propagation; Postsecondary Education;_Rural Development; Soil Science; *Vocational Education; Volunteers; *Volunteer Training IDENTIFIERS *Fruits; *Orchard Management ABSTRACT This manual is intended for use by_Peace_Corps_ _ volUnteers as a resource for gaining an understandingand_knowledge Of basic horticultural principles and practices_oforchard management; Addressed in the individualunits of instructional text are orchard soils; botany of horticulturalplants;_insect and disease control in orchards; pome, stonei_citrus,vine, and tropical fruits; and nuts; Appendixes to the manual contain aseries of practical exercises dealing with photosynthesis, plant reproduction,and transpiration; (MN) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made * from the original document. * *********************************************************************** APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGIES FOR DEVELOPMENT Orchard vmeni DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EOUC: "ION UCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER IE RIC/ This chturrarenthas been reproduced as I the171.,(111or (atom/Warn rwodImg)1 Minor chanries have !area .1.1de to 117Iorove reprorIoction ritralitv Points rd view or oparions Stilted In thisdacu_ tyrant do nor ma:et:sat ay representof ficol NIE posollort or policy INFORMATIONCOLLECTION & EXCHANGES. REPRINT R-31 tIE . ; _ INPORmATIoN cOLLECTION & EXCHANGE Peace Corps' Information Collection & EXChange (ICE) was established so that the Strategies and technologies devel- oped by Peace Corps VOlUnteert,_their co7workers; andtheir counterparts could be Made available to the wide range of development organiatiOnS and individual workers_whomight find them useful. Ttaining_guides,_currioula; lesson plans; project repOrtt; tahuals_and othor Peace Corps-generated materialt deVelOped_in the field are_colleoted andreviewed; Some_are reprinted "a8_ig"; Others provide a sourceof field baSed_itifOrMatiOn_fOr the production of_mannaTs or for re- search in particular program_areas. _Naterialsthat you sub- mit tO the Information Collection & Exchange thusbecome part Of the Peace corps' larger contribution todevelopment. InforMatiOn about ICE publications and services isaVailable thrOU5n: Peace Corps C011ection & EXchange Office of Program Development 806 Connecticut Avenue; N.W. Washington; D.C. 20526 Add your experience to the ICE BesourceCenter. Send ma- terials that you've prepared so_that we canShare them with others working in the developmentfield. _Your tech- nical insights.serve as the batis forthe generation of ICE manuals; reprints and resourcepackets; and_also ensure that ICE is providingthe most Opdated;_innovative problem-solving teChniques and_informationavailable to you and your fellowdeVelopment workers. Pette COrps ORCHARD P.IANAGEMENT: HORTICULTURAL PRAC'T'ICES FOR., PEACE CORPS VOLUNILERS Preparz-d for the United States Peace Corps by Di:V.10P1,11171" AND RFSOURCTS CORPORATION In accordance with Contract PC--317(), June 1969 Peace Corps Information Collection and Exchange Renrint R -31 duly 1969 May 1970 November 1979 April 1982 SepteMber 1982 CONTENTS Pa re ACIKNOW LEDGEMENTS INTRODUCTION UNIT I- ORCHARDSOILS A.A. Definition B.Soil Classification C:. Soil Fertility 4 D.Soil and Water Relationships 7 E.Soil and Plant Relationships 14 F.Soil Organisms 14 G.Fertilizers 15 UNIT II BOTANY OF HORTICULTURAL PLANTS A.Classification 23 B.Anatomy of Plant Growth 24 C.Function of Plant Parts (Organs) 26 D. Reproduction and Fruit Set in Plants 27 LEIT III-INSECT AND DISEASE CONTROL IN ORCHARDS A. Cl 3, s s ification, Damage and Control of Insects 34 B.Classification; Damage and Control of Diseasos 35 i1.\;11 IV- POMEFRUITS A.Classification and Description 39 B.Plant Requirements 39 C.Propagation 40 D. Pruning 41 trc,TIT V- STONEFRUITS Classification and Description 42 B.Plant Requirements 42 C.Propagation 44 ID. Pruning 45 UNIT VI- NUTS A.Classification and Description 46 B.Plant Requirements 46 C.Propagation 47 D. Pruning 47 _Page UNIT VII CITRUS FRUITS Classification and Description 49 A. 49 B.Plant Requirements 51 C.Propagation 52 D. Pruning ITNIT VIII -NE FRUI' L.3 Cl,ss=ificatiOn and Description 53 Plant Requirements 53 Propagation 53 54 D. Pruning UNIT IX = TROPICAL FRUITS 56 A;Classificatibti and Description 56 B.Plant Requirements 59 C.Propagation a Pruning 59 APPENDIX PRACTICAL EXERCISES 61 PhotoS ynthes s 63 Efieci. of Light on ChlorophyllFoxmatiOn 65 1. 68 2. Light and Chlorophyll 72 RQprowiction 74 1. Seed Germination (sexualreproduction) Growing Avocado Seedlings 76 Z. 80 3:Propagating Citrus Seedlings Asexual ReproduCtibil = CleftGrafting 84 88 5."T" Budding 91 6.Tip CuttingS 95 7.Whip Grafting - AvocadoSeedlings 98 8.Citrus Budding 102 Transpiration 104 1. P'aritS Transpire 107 SELECTED REFERENCES ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The preparation of this Horticultural Practices Manual for Peace Corps Volunteers has been accomplished with the cooperation and assistance of several individuals and organizations.The contributions of each of them are gratefully acknowledged: the technical staff of Development and Resources Corporation who developed and utilized some of the material in their training courses for Peace Corps Volunteers; various staff members of the University of California, Davis; and Mr. Robert Sappington, Horticulture Chemist, for his time and advice in reviewing the final preparation of the manual. Special appreciation is expressed to Mr. Jack Frankel, Agriculture Specialist, United States Peace Corps, without whose vision, encouragement, and support this manual would not ha-ve been possible. INTRODUCTION 'Phis manual has been prepared for use byPeace Corps Trainees and (:ops Volunteers as a resource in gainingunderstanding and knowledge of b;-.1Sic liOrtiltural principles and practicesof Orchard Management; Subject areas have been hi-rated to those observed asbeing of most frequent concern to Volunteers in theirproject activities in fruit tree growingin agricultural programs abroad and particularlywith deciduous type trees. This manual is desigedn to convey insightsinto basic Horticultural practices and techniqueS.Primary emphasis is given to providing explana- tions and illustrations ofHorticultural practices as they relate to fruit tree production.Care has been taken to make the contentrealistic and meaning- ful and presented with as non-technical avocabulary as is possible. The manual, to be most beneficial,should be used during training as irteaching guide andinstructional tool.While the manual provides uSettil drawings; structural diagrams,and practical exercises; it is recognized that some of the material presentedwould be meaningless, or at least inadequately understood,by the average generalist or by the $;:dndividual with no previous Horticulture experience.When the manual is utilized as an integral part of atraining program in which trainees are being prepared fcr work in Horticulture,and the material contained herein ,,resentect and explained to trainees byqualified Horticulture Specialists, 111,-. manual can and will continue to be avaluable reference Source for the Volunteer iii the field. .'.a.c1-1 of the principle units of the manualis complete and substantially self-contained.Topic coverage is sequential but does notpreclude each unit being used as a review or as newmaterial.With the aid of this manual; during and after training, a Peace CorpsVolunteer should be able to apply the principles and procedures ofacceptable Horticultural practices on the ittrIn fc,r increased fruit tree production toalmost any orchard management pi oblem he ri-lightencounter during his service abroad. Development and Resources Corporationsincerely hopes that Peace Corps Voluntee.-s '.'ill find this manual auseful working tool and helpful in their project activities. II UNIT I- ORCHARDSOILS A DEFINITION To define a good or adequate soil for orchardproduction is to say that a given plot or area of land must possessthe following qualities A deep and well aerated soil with good drainlge. Adequate nutrients for optimum tree growth andhigh yields. i.Good Water holding capacity - the ability to storeand feed the fruit tree with an abundant supply of water. AScI1=ICATION Physical Properties Productive SOUS contain at least 5e, percent pore space,which is //lade up of air and water in varying proportions. The compdSition Of a SOU is sol,.ly dependent uponthe environment in which 11: has or is being formed.One type of soil is known as residual. H thi3, parent m;-iterials are derivedfromrocks that contain quartz, silicates su,.h as feldr=p6.-_-_;, iron oxides, carbonates;and phosphate.In areas of the worldner -± there is a heavyrainfall, many of the basic elements (.:a.lcitirri, magnesium; sodium; andpotassium) in the parent material are leached away.These soils are usually acid; Whererainfall is lower, the parent