4 DOCUMENT RESUME ED 111 625 SE 017 462 AUTHOR Callaway, R. 0.; Elmer, James D. TITLE Civil Avia4on and Facilities. Aerospace Education II. INSTITUTION , Air Univ., Maxwell AFB, Ala. Junior ReserveOffice Training Corps. RUB DATE 73 NOTE 129p.;- Colored drawings may not reproduce clearly. For the accompanying Instructor Handboc4,see SE 017 463. This is a revised text for ED 068 290 EDRS PRICE MF-$0.76 HC-$6.97 Plus Postage DESCRIPTORS *Aerospace Education; Aero4pace Technology; *Agency Role; Airports; Aviation Technology; 4Government Role; *Instructional Materials;. *National Organizations; Secondary Education; Textbooks IDENTIFIERS *Air Force Junior ROTC; Airlines ABSTRACT This is arevised textbook foruse in the Air Force ROTC training program. The main theme of the book isconcerned with the ,kinds of civil aviation facilities andmany intricacies involved in their use. The first chapter traces the developmentof civil aviation and the formation of organizationsto control aviation e' systems. The second chapter describes varieties of aviationfor which the term "general aviation" is used. This includesbrief descriptions of agricultural, business, instructional, recreational,air taxi service, and civil air patrol aviation systems.The third chapter delves into the,problems related to the management ofaviation faciiilps. The fourth chapterpresents a discussion of the construction and operatiofl bf airports. Finally,the last chapter deals with the development and role of. air trafficcontrol. (PS) ***41***************************************************4************** Documents acquired by ERIC include many informal unpublished * materials not. available from othersources. ERIC makes every effort * * to obtain the best copy available. nevertheless, itemsof marginal * * reproducibility are often encountered and this affectsthe quality '* * of the miatcfiche and hardcopy reproductions ERIC makesavailable * * via the ERTC Document Reproduction Service (EDRS).EDRS is not * responsible for the'quality of the original document.Reproductions * * supplied by EDRS are the best that can be made fromthe original. ************************4********************************************** U S ME NT OF HEALTH EDUCATION & WELFARE NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION TN,S DOCUMENT NAS BEEN REPRO OuCEO EXACTLY AS RECE,vE0 PROM 7.E PERSON OR ORGANi:AtiON ORIGIN AT iNG it POINTS Or viEw OR OPINIONS STATED DO NOT NECESSAR,Lv REPRE SENT OFFICIAL. NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF EDUCATION POSITION OR POLICY 'I:1,1rit pi ,.1.4211I 7! r CIVIL AVIATION Villit41,,,, r,.... -19 IvIi IL: . ..,II .- 11 7 noir% & FACILITIES wilt al,!h. -' .J.. :If orTie)16 ii .. , .1 1,i! 43ism ,.. pppolimik..._.t -r 1 :,..,t ..". e 1. , f,.....h:P..; .4L' 4v -- 11 Vin ;R.- 7. AEROSPACE EDUCATION II , Civil Aviation and- Facilities R 0 CALLAWAY ) Academic Publications Division 3825th Academic Services Group and LtCol James D Elmer Air Force ROTC (AU) t, a , AIR FORCE JUNIOR ROTC Air University 11 Maxwell Air Force Base. Alabama 3 A 1973 This publication has been reviewed and approved by competent personnel of the preparing command in accordance with current directives on doctrine, policy, ssentiality, propriety, and quality, I. This book will not be offered for sole.Itis for use only in the Air Force ROTC program I. i I 4 Preface EVERY DAY tholisands of aircraft of various types ace in the ait. Most of these aircraft are a part of civil aviation. 'You Will remember from other booklets in ybur AFJROTC course that civil aviation includes all types of flying except military flying. When we think of aviation other than mili- tary, we usually think of the frying done by commercial airlines. If we limit our thinking to commercial flights, however, we will be only partly right, for civil aviation includes not only the commercial airlines but also general aviation. You undoubtedly are familiar with military lying and commercial airline flying, b4t the term "general ,avia- tion" may.6e new to you. This category of flying consists of nonscheduled vying activities in business and agriCulture, contract cargo transportation, industrial' aviation, flight instruction, air taxi service, and recreation eying. The growth of flying aotivity has increased. the'necessityr for regulation of flying by the Federal Government. At the' same time, it has,.of course, greatly increased the necessity for improved facilities of 'every type.It has also made imperative an effectiveairtraffic control system. This booklet, then,is concerned primarily with these broad subject areas=the relationship between .civil aviation-and the Federal dasdernment, the types, growth, development, and status of both general aviation -and commercial airlines, the major facilities provided for civil aviation, and' air traffic control, Some people argue that, despite the fact that aviation is now more than 70 years old, air transpcirtation is still in its infancy or at least that the full potential of air trans- portation has not Nen realized. Certainly' civil aviatioc\ has grown by leaps and bounds since the close of World .3 / War II. Just how far it will go and the extent to which we will depend in the future on air transportation remains to be seen. But to anticipate the future and appreciate the developments under way, we should, try to understand the baCkground of civil aviation and its present status. , / , , A 1 4` / r I 401 6 4 1 1.% Contents PREFAC E III Chapter1-14AEGOVERNMENT AND , 'PRIVATE AVIATION 1 Beginnings of Air 'Transportation 2 World War I and After 5 Civil Aviation and World War II 12 Post World War II Effects 13 Aviation Safety . 16 Relations Between Civil and Military Aviation 19 1 Project Beacon 20 Civil Reserve Air Fleet (CRAF) 21 The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) . 23 Chapter 2GENERAL AVIATION 25 , Agricultural Aviation 27 Business Aviation 29 1 Instructional Flying 29 Recreational Flying , 30 s' Air Taxi Service 31 Civil Air Patrol i 32 Growth and ImpactOf ,ii General Aviation 34 1 Chapter 3COMMF::FCIA1. AIRLINES 37 ,. kole of Government in Airline Management 38 CABResponsibilities 38 FAA Responsibilities 40 Airline Management 41 Growth 41 PrOmotional Fares 45 Air Charter Service 46 A & 2 s Impact of the Jet Age ., 47 The, Supersonic Transport (SST) 51 Sources of Rinds 54 Route Structure 54 Air Freight . 56 Management Problems 59 Connection Problems. :, 59 .. a Air Piracy 60 Outlook for the Future 62 Chapter 4AIRPORTS 65 Standards for Construction and Operation 68 Location of Airports . 70 Basic Facilities 72 Runways 72 Airport Lighfing 73 Control Towers 76 Terminals s 78 Noise Control and Safety Factors 83 Cargo Terminals 85 Airport Improvements 88 Chapter 5--AIR TRAFrIC CONTROL 91 Development of ATC 92 ATC in Action 95 Planning our Flrght 96 The Flight 99 ATCFacilities Used in Flight 113 The Future 115 I laic x 119 VI ChapterI The Government and Pril, ate t% iation THIS CHAPTER explains the need for Federal control over civil aviation. A brief history of civil aviationis followed by a section stressing the close cooperation between military ,and civilian air resources during World Wars I and II. Gov- ernmental cooperation with civilian authorities is further dem- onstiated by Project Beacon, the role of the civil reserve air fleet, and the etsablishment of an international civil aviation orgapization.'After you have studied this chapter, you should be able to do the following: (1) tell haw civil aviation in this 'country worked together with the Government, 'especially during wartime; (2) explain the role of the civil reserve air fleet in the defense of our Nation; and (3) outline the main areas of responsibility of the Federal Aviation Administration. evilaviationincludes all flying other than military, but our at- tention usually focuses on the commercial airlines with their cargo and passenger .services. Most people arc aware of ai flying. Relatively few people, however, arc conscious of general aviation which' includes private flying for business or pleasure as well as such diverse activities as agricultural crop dusting, geologi- cal prospecting, mapping, and highway traffic regulation. Yet gen- eral aviationtrafficisquite heavy and has compounded prob- lems at some of the busier airports. CIVIL AVIATION AND FACILITIES During the years sincethe Wright brothers'firstflight,civil aviation has grown to maturity under the stimulus of War and the paternal guidance of the Federal Government. Virtually every contribution of research to military aviation is ultimately reflected in the progress of civil aviation. At the same time, the Govern- ment has directlyand persistentlyfosteredthe growth ofcivil aviation, particularly in the lean early years. Today the airlines the most important component of civil aviationare on the point of "financial independence. Civil aviation is a major clement of aerospace power. A natiqn's ability to use its airspace is measured by the density of its civil air traffic.Civil aviation occupies an integral positionin the larger complex of national aerospace power and contributes in important ways to the security of the nation. Throughout the spectrum of aerospace power, technological de- velopment and efficiency of the civil and militaryestablishments go hand in hand. Without thestabilizing influence of uniform air navigational and communications facilities worldwide, without the steady advance _inflightsafety, and without the progressive evolutionofinternational agreements,regulations,rules,pf flight conduct, and ,regulatory agencies that establish a worldwide opertaing