SECURE WORLD FOUNDATION WORLD SECURE GLOBAL COUNTERSPACE GLOBAL COUNTERSPACE CAPABILITIES CAPABILITIES COUNTERSPACE GLOBAL CAPABILITIES — AN OPEN SOURCE ASSESSMENT Editors — Brian Weeden Director Of Program Planning Victoria Samson Washington Office Director APRIL 2021 APRIL 2021 1 SECURE WORLD FOUNDATION WORLD SECURE Table of Contents ABOUT SECURE WORLD FOUNDATION iv ABOUT THE EDITORS vi GLOBAL COUNTERSPACE CAPABILITIES CAPABILITIES COUNTERSPACE GLOBAL LIST OF ACRONYMS viii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY xiv 2021 ADDITIONS xxiv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS xxviii FOREWORD xxix INTRODUCTION xxx 1.0 CHINA 1-1 1.1 Chinese Co-Orbital ASAT 1-2 1.2 Chinese Direct-Ascent ASAT 1-11 1.3 Chinese Electronic Warfare 1-18 1.4 Chinese Directed Energy Weapon 1-21 1.5 Chinese Space Situational Awareness Capabilities 1-25 1.6 Chinese Counterspace Policy, Doctrine, and Organization 1-28 2.0 RUSSIA 2-1 2.1 Russian Co-Orbital ASAT 2-2 2.2 Russian Direct-Ascent ASAT 2-14 2.3 Russian Electronic Warfare 2-23 2.4 Russian Directed Energy Weapons 2-29 2.5 Russian Space Situational Awareness Capabilities 2-34 2.6 Russian Counterspace Policy, Doctrine, and Organization 2-38 3.0 THE UNITED STATES 3-1 3.1 U.S. Co-Orbital ASAT 3-2 3.2 U.S. Direct-Ascent ASAT 3-11 3.3 U.S. Electronic Warfare 3-17 3.4 U.S. Directed Energy Weapons 3-21 3.5 U.S. Space Situational Awareness Capabilities 3-25 3.6 U.S. Counterspace Policy, Doctrine, and Organization 3-28 4.0 FR ANCE 4-1 5.0 INDIA 5-1 6.0 IR AN 6-1 7.0 J A P A N 7-1 8.0 NORTH KOREA 8-1 9.0 CYBER COUNTERSPACE CAPABILITIES 9-1 10. APPENDIX – HISTORICAL ANTI-SATELLITE TESTS IN SPACE BY COUNTRY 10-1 11. APPENDIX – IMAGERY OF MAJOR COUNTERSPACE TEST SITES AND FACILITIES 11-1 APRIL 2021 SECURE WORLD FOUNDATION WORLD SECURE LIST OF FIGURES Figure 01 - Co-Orbital SY-7 1-4 GLOBAL COUNTERSPACE CAPABILITIES CAPABILITIES COUNTERSPACE GLOBAL Figure 02 - Orbital trajectory of the YZ-2 1-7 Figure 03 - Longitudinal history of the SJ-17 1-9 Figure 04 - DF-21 MRBM 1-13 Figure 05 - Xichang from April 3, 2013 1-15 Figure 06 - Uplink vs downlink jamming 1-19 Figure 07 - Luch Orbital History 2-13 Figure 08 - TEL-mounted Nudol 2-18 Figure 09 - Russian counterspace EW systems 2-25 Figure 10 - Krasukha-4 2-27 Figure 11 - The Peresvet laser system 2-31 Figure 12 - Russian Missile Warning and SSA Radars 2-35 Figure 13 - Minotaur upper stage 3-4 Figure 14 - OrbitalExpress mission plan 3-5 Figure 15 - GSSAP satellites 3-8 Figure 16 - Iranian Ballistic Missiles 6-4 Figure 17 - Kwangmyongsong-4 8-5 LIST OF TABLES Table 01 - Recent Chinese Rendezvous and Proximity Operations 1-10 Table 02 - History of Chinese DA-ASAT Tests 1-17 Table 03 - IS Tests Conducted by the Soviet Union 2-3 Table 04 - Suspected Naryad flight tests 2-4 Table 05 - Recent Russian Rendezvous and Proximity Operations 2-12 Table 06 - Nudol flight tests to date 2-17 Table 07 - Satellites approached by GSSAP 3-9 Table 08 - Recent U.S. RPO Activities 3-10 Table 09 - History of U.S. DA-ASAT Testing 3-14 Table 10 - Maxmimum altitude reachable by SM-3 variants 3-16 Table 11 - Indian DA-ASAT tests in space. 5-4 Table 12 - Historical Chinese ASAT tests in space. 10-2 Table 13 - Historical Russian ASAT tests in space. 10-2 Table 14 - Historical U.S. ASAT tests in space. 10-4 Table 15 - Historical Indian ASAT tests in space. 10-5 APRIL 2021 SECURE WORLD FOUNDATION WORLD SECURE GLOBAL COUNTERSPACE CAPABILITIES CAPABILITIES COUNTERSPACE GLOBAL ABOUT SECURE WORLD FOUNDATION iv APRIL 2021 SECURE WORLD FOUNDATION WORLD SECURE GLOBAL COUNTERSPACE CAPABILITIES CAPABILITIES COUNTERSPACE GLOBAL Secure World Foundation (SWF) is a private operating foundation that promotes cooperative solutions for space sustainability and the peaceful uses of outer space. The Foundation acts as a research body, convener, and facilitator to promote key space security and other space related topics and to examine their influence on governance and international development. � APRIL 2021 v SECURE WORLD FOUNDATION WORLD SECURE About the Editors GLOBAL COUNTERSPACE CAPABILITIES CAPABILITIES COUNTERSPACE GLOBAL DR. BRIAN WEEDEN Dr. Brian Weeden is the Director of Program Planning for Secure World Foundation and has more than two decades of professional experience in space operations and policy. Dr. Weeden directs strategic planning for future-year projects to meet the Foundation's goals and objectives, and conducts research on space debris, global space situational awareness, space traffic management, protection of space assets, and space governance. Dr. Weeden also organizes national and international workshops to increase awareness of and facilitate dialogue on space security, stability, and sustainability topics. He is a member and former Chair of the World Economic Forum's Global Future Council on Space Technologies, a former member of the Advisory Committee on Commercial Remote Sensing (ACCRES) to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and the Executive Director of the Consortium for Execution of Rendezvous and Servicing Operations (CONFERS). Prior to joining SWF, Dr. Weeden served nine years on active duty as an officer in the United States Air Force working in space and intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) operations. As part of U.S. Strategic Command's Joint Space Operations Center (JSpOC), Dr. Weeden directed the orbital analyst training program and developed tactics, techniques and procedures for improving space situational awareness. Respected and recognized as an international expert, Dr. Weeden's research and analysis have been featured in The New York Times, The Washington Post, National Public Radio, USA Today, The BBC, Fox News, China Radio International, The Economist, The World Economic Forum's Annual Meeting in Davos, academic journals, presentations to the United Nations, and testimony before the U.S. Congress. vi APRIL 2021 SECURE WORLD FOUNDATION WORLD SECURE GLOBAL COUNTERSPACE CAPABILITIES CAPABILITIES COUNTERSPACE GLOBAL MS. VICTORIA SAMSON Ms. Victoria Samson is the Washington Office Director for Secure World Foundation and has more than twenty years of experience in military space and security issues. Before joining SWF, Ms. Samson served as a Senior Analyst for the Center for Defense Information (CDI), where she leveraged her expertise in missile defense, nuclear reductions, and space security issues to conduct in-depth analysis and media commentary. Prior to her time at CDI, Ms. Samson was the Senior Policy Associate at the Coalition to Reduce Nuclear Dangers, a consortium of arms control groups in the Washington, D.C. area, where she worked with Congressional staffers, members of the media, embassy officials, citizens, and think-tanks on issues surrounding dealing with national missile defense and nuclear weapons reductions. Before that, she was a researcher at Riverside Research Institute, where she worked on war-gaming scenarios for the Missile Defense Agency's Directorate of Intelligence. Known throughout the space and security arena as a thought leader on policy and budgetary issues, Ms. Samson is often interviewed by multinational media outlets, including the New York Times, Space News, the BBC, and NPR. She is also a prolific author of numerous op-eds, analytical pieces, journal articles, and updates on missile defense and space security matters. APRIL 2021 vii SECURE WORLD FOUNDATION WORLD SECURE LIST OF ACRONYMS GLOBAL COUNTERSPACE CAPABILITIES CAPABILITIES COUNTERSPACE GLOBAL AAD APT Advanced Area Defense Advanced Persistent Threat ABL ASAT Airborne Laser Antisatellite ABM ASPOS OKP Anti-Ballistic Missile Automated Warning System on Hazardous Situations in Outer Space ACCRES Advisory Committee on Commercial ATBM Remote Sensing Anti-Tactical Ballistic Missile ADRV AWACS Advanced Debris Removal Vehicle Airborne Early Warning and Control Systems AEOS BMD Advanced Electro-Optical System Ballistic Missile Defense AIS BMEWS Automated Identification System Ballistic Missile Early Warning System AKM C2 Apogee Kick Motor Command-and-Control ALCOR C4ISR ARPA Lincoln C-band Observables Radar Command, Control, Communications, Computers, Intelligence, Surveillance and Reconnaissance AMS Academy of Military Sciences CASC China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation ANGELS Automated Navigation and Guidance Experiment CASIC for Local Space China Aerospace Industrial Corporation APOSOS CCAFS Asia-Pacific Ground-Based Space Object Cape Canaveral Air Force Station Observation System CCD APSCO Charge-coupled Device Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization viii APRIL 2021 SECURE WORLD FOUNDATION WORLD SECURE CCS DRDO Counter Communications System Defence Research and Development Organisation CDI DSA Center for Defense Information Defence Space Agency CFSCC DSC Combined Force Space Component Command Defensive Space Control GLOBAL COUNTERSPACE CAPABILITIES CAPABILITIES COUNTERSPACE GLOBAL CIC EAGLE Commercial Integration Cell ESPA Augmented Geostationary Laboratory Experiment CMOS Complementary Metal-oxide Semiconductor ECS Environmental Control Systems CNE Computer Network Exploitation EELV Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle COIL Chemical Oxygen Iodine Laser EKV Exoatmospheric Kill Vehicle COMSAT Communications Satellite ELINT Electronic Intelligence CSpOC Combined Space Operations Center EMP Electromagnetic Pulse DA-ASAT Direct-Ascent ASAT ESPA EELV Secondary Payload Adapter DARPA Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency ESPC Earth System Prediction Capability DART Demonstration for Autonomous EW Rendezvous Technology Electronic Warfare DDOS FBI Distributed Denial of Service Federal