ROBERTO J. GONZÁLEZ HUGH GUSTERSON GUSTAAF HOUTMAN EDITORS A READER MILITARIZATION MILITARIZATION global insecurities A Series Edited by Catherine Besteman and Daniel M. Goldstein ROBERTO J. GONZÁLEZ HUGH GUSTERSON GUSTAAF HOUTMAN EDITORS A READER in collaboration with Catherine Besteman Andrew Bickford Catherine Lutz Katherine T. McCaffrey Austin Miller David H. Price David Vine Duke University Press Durham and London 2019 MILITARIZATION © 2019 Duke University Press All rights reserved Printed in the United States of Amer i ca on acid- free paper ∞ Designed by Courtney Leigh Baker Typeset in Din and Garamond Premier Pro by Westchester Publishing Services Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: González, Roberto J. (Roberto Jesũs), [date] editor. | Gusterson, Hugh, editor. | Houtman, Gustaaf, editor. Title: Militarization : a reader / Roberto J. González, Hugh Gusterson, and Gustaaf Houtman, editors ; in collaboration with Catherine Besteman, Andrew Bickford, Catherine Lutz, Katherine T. McCaffrey, Austin Miller, David H. Price, David Vine. Description: Durham : Duke University Press, 2019. | Series: Global insecurities | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: lccn 2019008552 (print) lccn 2019016268 (ebook) isbn 9781478007135 (ebook) isbn 9781478005469 (hardcover : alk. paper) isbn 9781478006237 (pbk. : alk. paper) Subjects: lcsh: Militarization. | Militarism. | War. Classification: lcc u21.2 (ebook) | lcc u21.2 .m558 2019 (print) | ddc 355.02/13—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2019008552 Cover art: Toy Soldier. Courtesy Pablo Eder/Shutterstock.com. CONTENTS Editors’ Note xiii Acknowl edgments xv Introduction 1 roberto j. gonzález and hugh gusterson SECTION I. MILITARIZATION AND PO LITI CAL ECONOMY Introduction 27 catherine lutz 1.1. The U.S. Imperial Triangle and Military Spending ​29 john bellamy foster, hannah holleman, and robert w. mcchesney 1.2. Farewell Address to the Nation, January 17, 1961 ​36 dwight d. eisenhower 1.3. The Militarization of Sports and the Redefinition of Patriotism ​38 william astore 1.4. Vio lence, Just in Time: War and Work in Con temporary West Africa ​42 daniel hoffman 1.5. Women, Economy, War ​51 carolyn nordstrom SECTION II. MILITARY LABOR Introduction 57 andrew bickford 2.1. Soldiering as Work: The All- Volunteer Force in the United States ​59 beth bailey 2.2. Sexing the Globe ​62 sealing cheng 2.3. Military Monks ​67 michael jerryson 2.4. Child Soldiers after War ​71 brandon kohrt and robert koenig 2.5. Asian Labor in the War time Japa nese Empire ​73 paul h. kratoska 2.6. Corporate Warriors: The Rise of the Privatized Military Industry ​76 p. w. singer SECTION III. GENDER AND MILITARISM Introduction 83 katherine t. mccaffrey 3.1. Gender in Transition: Common Sense, Women, and War ​85 kimberly theidon 3.2. The Compassionate Warrior: War time Sacrifice ​91 jean bethke elshtain 3.3. Creating Citizens, Making Men: The Military and Masculinity in Bolivia ​95 lesley gill 3.4. One of the Guys: Military Women and the Argentine Army ​101 máximo badaró vi Contents SECTION IV. THE EMOTIONAL LIFE OF MILITARISM Introduction 109 catherine lutz 4.1. Militarization and the Madness of Everyday Life ​111 nancy scheper- hughes 4.2. Fear as a Way of Life ​118 linda green 4.3. Evil, the Self, and Survival ​127 robert jay lifton (interviewed by harry kreisler) 4.4. Target Audience: The Emotional Impact of U.S. Government Films on Nuclear Testing ​130 joseph masco SECTION V. RHE TORICS OF MILITARISM Introduction 141 andrew bickford 5.1. The Militarization of Cherry Blossoms ​143 emiko ohnuki- tierney 5.2. The “Old West” in the Middle East: U.S. Military Meta phors in Real and Imagined Indian Country ​148 stephen w. silliman 5.3. Ideology, Culture, and the Cold War ​154 naoko shibusawa 5.4. The Military Normal: Feeling at Home with Counterinsurgency in the United States ​157 catherine lutz 5.5. Nuclear Orientalism ​163 hugh gusterson Contents vii SECTION VI. MILITARIZATION, PLACE, AND TERRITORY Introduction 167 roberto j. gonzález 6.1. Making War at Home ​169 catherine lutz 6.2. Spillover: The U.S. Military’s Sociospatial Impact ​175 mark l. gillem 6.3. Nuclear Landscapes: The Marshall Islands and Its Radioactive Legacy ​181 barbara rose johnston 6.4. The War on Terror, Dismantling, and the Construction of Place: An Ethnographic Perspective from Palestine ​186 julie peteet 6.5. The Border Wall Is a Meta phor ​192 jason de león (interviewed by micheline aharonian marcom) SECTION VII. MILITARIZED HUMANITARIANISM Introduction 197 catherine besteman 7.1. Laboratory of Intervention: The Humanitarian Governance of the Postcommunist Balkan Territories ​199 mariella pandolfi 7.2. Armed for Humanity ​203 michael barnett 7.3. The Passions of Protection: Sovereign Authority and Humanitarian War ​208 anne orford 7.4. Responsibility to Protect or Right to Punish? ​212 mahmood mamdani 7.5. Utopias of Power: From Human Security to the Responsibility to Protect ​218 chowra makaremi viii Contents SECTION VIII. MILITARISM AND THE MEDIA Introduction 223 hugh gusterson 8.1. Pentagon Pundits ​224 david barstow (interviewed by amy goodman) 8.2. Operation Hollywood ​230 david L. robb (interviewed by jeff fleischer) 8.3. Discipline and Publish ​234 mark pedelty 8.4. TheEnola Gay on Display ​239 john whittier treat 8.5. War Porn: Hollywood and War, from World War II to American Sniper 243 peter van buren SECTION IX. MILITARIZING KNOWLEDGE Introduction 249 david h. price 9.1. Boundary Displacement: The State, the Foundations, and International and Area Studies during and after the Cold War ​251 bruce cumings 9.2. The Career of Cold War Psy chol ogy ​254 ellen herman 9.3. Scientific Colonialism ​259 johan galtung 9.4. Research in Foreign Areas ​265 ralph l. beals 9.5. Rethinking the Promise of Critical Education ​270 henry A. giroux (interviewed by chronis polychroniou) Contents ix SECTION X. MILITARIZATION AND THE BODY Introduction 275 roberto j. gonzález 10.1. Nuclear War, the Gulf War, and the Disappearing Body ​276 hugh gusterson 10.2. The Structure of War: The Juxtaposition of Injured Bodies and Unanchored Issues ​283 elaine scarry 10.3. The Enhanced Warfighter ​291 kenneth ford and clark glymour 10.4. Suffering Child: An Embodiment of War and Its Aftermath in Post- Sandinista Nicaragua ​296 james quesada SECTION XI. MILITARISM AND TECHNOLOGY Introduction 303 hugh gusterson 11.1. Giving Up the Gun: Japan’s Reversion to the Sword, 1543–1879 ​305 noel perrin 11.2. Life Under ground: Building the American Bunker Society ​307 joseph masco 11.3. Militarizing Space ​316 david h. price 11.4. Embodiment and Affect in a Digital Age: Understanding Mental Illness among Military Drone Personnel ​319 alex edney- browne 11.5. Land Mines and Cluster Bombs: “Weapons of Mass Destruction in Slow Motion” ​324 h. patricia hynes 11.6. Pledge of Non- Participation ​328 lisbeth gronlund and david wright 11.7. The Scientists’ Call to Ban Autonomous Lethal Robots ​329 international committee for robot arms control SECTION XII. ALTERNATIVES TO MILITARIZATION Introduction 333 david vine 12.1. War Is Only an Invention— Not a Biological Necessity ​336 margaret mead 12.2. Reflections on the Possibility of a Nonkilling Society and a Nonkilling Anthropology ​339 leslie e. sponsel 12.3. U.S. Bases, Empire, and Global Response ​344 catherine lutz 12.4. Down Here ​347 julian aguon 12.5. War, Culture, and Counterinsurgency ​349 roberto j. gonzález, hugh gusterson, and david h. price 12.6. Hope in the Dark: Untold Histories, Wild Possibilities ​350 rebecca solnit References 355 Contributors 383 Index 389 Credits 403 EDITORS’ NOTE This book is the outcome of an initiative by the Network of Concerned An- thropologists, which has worked since 2007 to oppose the militarization of anthropology and society more broadly. Militarization: A Reader has twelve sections, each highlighting a theme related to militarization or militarism. A general introduction to the volume (immediately following this note) provides an overview of these subjects and how the twelve sections relate to one another. Each of the twelve sections contains a brief introduction and several exem- plary readings, compiled by a section editor who is an anthropologist specializ- ing in the field. Most sele ctions are abridged versions assembled from excerpts of longer pieces. Original source information can be found at the end of each section introduction. We encourage readers to refer to the original articles for more information and analy sis. A master reference list can be found at the end of the book, incorporating bib- liographical references from all of the contributions and section introductions. ACKNOWL EDGMENTS Many people helped us plan, prepare, and publish this book, which has been nearly a de cade in the making. Austin Miller played a critical orga nizational role by securing reprint permissions, weaving together bibliographical refer- ences, and providing sound editorial advice at crucial moments. Founding members of the Network of Concerned Anthropologists who were not di- rectly involved in this proj ect provided encouragement— most notably, Greg- ory Feldman, Jean E. Jackson, and Kanhong Lin. Much of the conceptual work for this book came out of a workshop at Brown University’s Watson Institute for International and Public Affairs in May 2012, org an ized by Catherine Lutz. At that event, Cynthia Enloe, Neta Crawford, Gregory Feldman, and ot hers provided interdisciplinary perspectives that added depth to the proj ect. We are especially grateful to Neta Crawford for her incisive ideas and intellectual gen- erosity. Thanks, too, to June Sawyers, who created the index. This book was supported in part by the San José State University (sjsu) College of Social Sciences, which provided grant funding to help defray the costs of reprint permissions and indexing. Walt Jacobs and Shishir Mathur were instrumental in securing that support. The sjsu Department of Anthropology provided financial and logistical support for preparation of the final manuscript. Special thanks to Agnes Borja, Shannon Gallagher, and Kristen Constanza for their assistance.