i Ideology of Power and Power of Ideology in Early China © koninklijke brill nv, leiden, 2015 | doi 10.1163/9789004299337_001 ii Sinica Leidensia Edited by Barend J. ter Haar Maghiel van Crevel In co-operation with P.K. Bol, D.R. Knechtges, E.S. Rawski, W.L. Idema, H.T. Zurndorfer VOLUME 124 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/sinl iii Ideology of Power and Power of Ideology in Early China Edited by Yuri Pines Paul R. Goldin Martin Kern LEIDEN | BOSTON iv Cover illustration: Tripod cooking vessel with lid (ding), late 6th century bc, (Eastern Zhou dynasty, Spring and Autumn period, 770–ca. 470 bc) Bronze, h. 23.0 cm., w. 27.0 cm., d. 21.0 cm. (9 1/16 × 10 5/8 × 8 1/4 in.). Museum purchase from the C.D. Carter Collection, by subscription. y1965-24 a-b. Photo: © Princeton University Art Museum, Image courtesy of Princeton University Art Museum. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Ideology of power and power of ideology in early China / edited by Yuri Pines, Paul R. Goldin, Martin Kern. pages cm. -- (Sinica Leidensia, ISSN 0169-9563 ; volume 124) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-90-04-29929-0 (hardback : acid-free paper) -- ISBN 978-90-04-29933-7 (e-book) 1. Political science--China--History--To 1500. 2. Power (Social sciences)--China--History-- To 1500. 3. Ideology--Political aspects--China--History--To 1500. 4. Political culture--China-- History--To 1500. 5. China--Politics and government--To 221 B.C. 6. China--Politics and government--221 B.C.-960 A.D. I. Pines, Yuri. II. Goldin, Paul Rakita, 1972- III. Kern, Martin. JQ1510.I34 2015 320.50931--dc23 2015018511 This publication has been typeset in the multilingual “Brill” typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering Latin, ipa, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see www.brill.com/brill-typeface. issn 0169-9563 isbn 978-90-04-29929-0 (hardback) isbn 978-90-04-29933-7 (e-book) Copyright 2015 by Koninklijke Brill nv, Leiden, The Netherlands. Koninklijke Brill NV incorporates the imprints Brill, Brill Hes & De Graaf, Brill Nijhoff, Brill Rodopi and Hotei Publishing. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke Brill nv provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, ma 01923, usa. Fees are subject to change. This book is printed on acid-free paper. ContentsContents v Contents Contents v Acknowledgments vii List of Contributors viii Introduction Ideology and Power in Early China 1 Yuri Pines Part One The Foundations: Unity, Heaven, and Ancestral Models 1 Representations of Regional Diversity during the Eastern Zhou Dynasty 31 Paul R. Goldin 2 Omens and Politics: The Zhou Concept of the Mandate of Heaven as Seen in the Chengwu 程寤 Manuscript 49 Luo Xinhui 羅新慧 3 Long Live The King! The Ideology of Power between Ritual and Morality in the Gongyang zhuan 公羊傳 69 Joachim Gentz 4 Language and the Ideology of Kingship in the “Canon of Yao” 118 Martin Kern Part Two Textual Battles: Rulers, Ministers, and the People 5 Monarch and Minister: The Problematic Partnership in the Building of Absolute Monarchy in the Han Feizi 韓非子 155 Romain Graziani 6 The Changing Role of the Minister in the Warring States: Evidence from the Yanzi chunqiu 晏子春秋 181 Scott Cook 7 Ideologies of the Peasant and Merchant in Warring States China 211 Roel Sterckx 8 Population Records from Liye: Ideology in Practice 249 Charles Sanft vi Contents Epilogue Ideological Authority in China: Past and Present 9 Political and Intellectual Authority: The Concept of the “Sage-Monarch” and Its Modern Fate 273 Liu Zehua 劉澤華 Bibliography 301 Index 337 Contents Contents v Acknowledgments vii List of Contributors viii Introduction: Ideology and Power in Early China 1 Part 1 29 The Foundations: Unity, Heaven, and Ancestral Models 29 Chapter 1 31 Representations of Regional Diversity during the Eastern Zhou Dynasty 31 Chapter 2 49 Omens and Politics: The Zhou Concept of the Mandate of Heaven as Seen in the Chengwu 程寤Manuscript 49 Chapter 3 69 Long Live the King! The Ideology of Power between Ritual and Morality in the Gongyang zhuan 公羊傳 69 Chapter 4 118 Language and the Ideology of Kingship in the “Canon of Yao” 118 Part 2 153 Textual Battles: Rulers, Ministers, and the People 153 Chapter 5 155 Monarch and Minister: The Problematic Partnership in the Building of Absolute Monarchy in the Han Feizi 韓非子 155 Chapter 6 181 The Changing Role of the Minister in the Warring States: Evidence from the Yanzi chunqiu 晏子春秋 181 Chapter 7 211 Ideologies of the Peasant and Merchant in Warring States China 211 Chapter 8 249 Population Records from Liye: Ideology in Practice 249 Epilogue 271 Ideological Authority in China: Past and Present 271 Chapter 9 273 Political and Intellectual Authority: The Concept of the “Sage-Monarch” and Its Modern Fate 273 Bibliography 301 Index 337 AcknowledgmentsAcknowledgments vii Acknowledgments This volume is the fruit of an international workshop with the same title in May 2012 at the Institute for Advanced Study, Hebrew University of Jerusalem. The workshop was supported by Grant 1714/11 from the Israeli Science Founda- tion and the Institute for Advanced Study. We are delighted to acknowledge their generosity. Naturally, not all the papers presented at the workshop could be assembled in this volume; but each of the participants whose paper was not included con- tributed greatly toward the volume’s formation, and we are grateful to all of them: Wolfgang Behr, Carine Defoort, Michael Puett, Matthias Richter, Masa- yuki Sato, Ori Sela, Ben-Ami Shillony, and Alexander Yakobson. We also thank Matthew Mosca from University of Washington, Seattle for helping us with bibliographic information and the Brill reviewers for their helpful comments. For the three editors, coediting the volume was an inspiring and intellectu- ally engaging exercise. Amid intense exchanges both online and off, we learned a lot from one another and from the contributors; and we are grateful for the latter’s patience with our manifold demands. In working on this volume we were supported by the Israel Science Founda- tion (Grant 511/11) and by the Michael William Lipson Chair in Chinese Studies (Yuri Pines). viii Acknowledgments List of Contributors Scott Cook Professor, Yale-NUS College Joachim Gentz Professor, University of Edinburgh Paul R. Goldin Professor, University of Pennsylvania Romain Graziani Professor, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon; senior lecturer, University of Geneva Martin Kern Greg (‘84) and Joanna (P13) Zeluck, Professor in Asian Studies; Professor and Chair, Department of East Asian Studies, Princeton University Liu Zehua 劉澤華 Professor (Emeritus), Nankai University, Tianjin Luo Xinhui 羅新慧 Professor, Department of History, Beijing Normal University Yuri Pines Michael W. Lipson Professor of Chinese Studies, Hebrew University of Jerusa- lem Charles Sanft Professor, University of Tennessee, Knoxville Roel Sterckx Joseph Needham Professor of Chinese History, Science and Civilisation, Uni- versity of Cambridge, and Fellow of Clare College Introduction: Ideology and Power in Early China 1 Introduction: Ideology and Power in Early China Yuri Pines The three centuries that preceded the establishment of the Chinese empire in 221 bce were an age of exceptional intellectual flourishing. No other period in the history of Chinese thought can rival these centuries in creativity, boldness, ideological diversity, and long-term impact. Values, perceptions, and ideals shaped amid intense intellectual debates before the imperial unification con- tributed decisively to the formation of the political, social, and ethical orienta- tions that we identify today with traditional Chinese culture. More broadly, the ideas of rival thinkers formed an ideological framework within which the Chi- nese empire functioned from its inception until its very last decades. It is not surprising, then, that the lion’s share of studies of early Chinese history focus on the intellectual activities of what is often dubbed—somewhat misleading- ly—the age of the Hundred Schools of Thought. Several other major Eurasian civilizations witnessed similar periods of vi- brant intellectual activity, the impact of which remained perceptible for cen- turies or millennia to come: Jewish prophets, Indian religious teachers, and Greek philosophers come immediately to mind. Some scholars, beginning with Karl Jaspers (1883–1969), have tried to explore commonalities among these intellectual breakthroughs of ca. 800–200 bce, which Jaspers named the Axial Age (Achsenzeit).1 Regardless of whether this comparative perspective is valid, it is worth noting that among the major intellectual traditions that took shape during that age, the Chinese one appears as the most politically orient- ed. Of course, political texts were produced in any major civilization—for ex- ample, pronouncements of Jewish prophets, Plato’s Politeia, Aristotle’s Politika, and the Arthashastra, attributed to Kautilya.2 Conversely, a variety of nonpo- litical texts were produced in China. The overall difference is easily observable, nonetheless. In China, one will have a hard time finding either a “Classic” (jing 經) or a “Masters” (zi 子) text from the pre-imperial or early imperial period that does not discuss such issues as the nature of rulership, ruler-minister rela- tions, an intellectual’s political involvement, ways of controlling “the people” (min 民), and the like. These topoi are repeatedly addressed not just in purely political treatises but also in a variety of texts that focus on ethical, religious, 1 See Jaspers 1965.