Part 1: Prologue & Earth’s Dimensions Name: Answer Key Date: Earth Science Period: ANSWER KEY Page 1 Part 1: Prologue & Earth’s Dimensions Density Three different bars of soap are being investigated by a group of students. They measured the mass and volume of each bar and recorded the results in the table below. Soap Mass (g) Volume (cm3) A 110 100 B 95 100 C 100 100 1. Calculate the density of each bar of soap. Show your work. Soap A: Density = Mass = 110 g = 1.1 g/cm3 Volume 100cm3 Soap B: Density = Mass = 95 g = 0.95 g/cm3 Volume 100cm3 Soap C: Density = Mass = 100 g = 1.00 g/cm3 Volume 100cm3 2. The diagram below represents a container of water. Draw and label the positions that soap bar A, B, and C would occupy if they were placed in the container. Explain why you drew each bar of soap in the position selected. ________________________________________Soap bar A has a greater density than water ________________________________________so it will sink to the bottom. Soap bar B has B ________________________________________a lower density than the water so it will ___float._____________________________________ Soap bar C has a density equal to C ________________________________________water so it will stay suspended in the A _______middle _________________________________of the container of water. 3. How would the density of soap bar C change if it were cut in half? Explain your answer. ________ __________________________The density would not change____________________________________________________ because size/shape does not affect density. ______________________________________________________________________________ 4. How would the density of soap bar A change if it were heated 10˚C? Explain your answer. ______ __________________________The density would decrease____________________________________________________ because as temperature increases, density decreases. ______________________________________________________________________________ 5. How would the density of soap bar B change if it were compressed to half its original size? Explain your answer. ___________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________The density would increase because as pressure increases, density increases. Page 2 ANSWER KEY Part 1: Prologue & Earth’s Dimensions Graphing A B C D 1. Identify the relationship shown in each graph above: A. ______________________________Direct B. ______________________________Indirect Direct C. ______________________________Static Cyclic D. ______________________________ 2. Provide two examples in nature that when plotted on a grid would have a similar graph to D. 1. ______________________________Phases of the Moon 2. ______________________________Ocean tides 3. Base your answer to the following question on the hardness of the minerals talc (1), quartz (7), halite (2.5), sulfur (2), and fluorite(4). On the grid below, construct a bar graph to represent the hardness of these minerals. ANSWER KEY Page 3 Part 1: Prologue & Earth’s Dimensions Graphing 2 Base your answers to questions 1 through 3 on the data table below, which shows the average carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations in Earth’s atmosphere for specific years from 1930 to 2010. Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas in Earth’s atmosphere that contributes to global warming. The average carbon dioxide concentrations were measured in parts per million (ppm). 1. On the grid below, construct a line graph by plotting the average carbon dioxide concentrations in Earth’s atmosphere for each year shown on the data table. Connect the plots with a line. 2. Identify the relationship as depicted on the graph between the average CO2 concentration (ppm) and time. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________Direct relationship. As time increased, average carbon dioxide concentration increased. 3. Calculate the rate of change from 2000 to 2010 of the average carbon dioxide concentrations, in parts per million per year. Show your work. Rate of change = change in value = 390 – 370 ppm = 2 ppm/year time 10 years Page 4 ANSWER KEY Part 1: Prologue & Earth’s Dimensions Earth’s Spheres 1. State the two most abundant elements, by volume, in the following locations: a. Hydrosphere: _____________________________Hydrogen & ______________________________ Oxygen b. Crust: _____________________________Oxygen & ______________________________Potassium c. Troposphere: _____________________________Nitrogen & ______________________________Oxygen 2. The diagram below shows four layers of Earth’s atmosphere. State the name of each layer in Earth’s atmosphere. A: __________________________Troposphere B: __________________________Stratosphere C: __________________________Mesosphere D: __________________________Thermosphere 3. The ozone layer is found 10 to 30 miles above Earth’s surface. State the name of the temperature zone of Earth’s atmosphere where the ozone layer is located. Stratosphere____________________________ 4. The eruption of Mount St. Helens in 1980 resulted in the movement of volcanic ash at a height 1.5 kilometers above sea level. State the name of the temperature zone of Earth’s atmosphere where the ash cloud traveled. ___________________________________________________________Troposphere 5. What is the temperature of the atmosphere at the mesopause? ___________________________-90˚C 6. State the altitude of the stratopause, in miles and kilometers. _______31 miles ________ 50 kilometers 7. Describe the relationship between altitude and atmospheric pressure. ______________________ As______________________________________________________________________________ altitude increases, atmospheric pressure decreases. (Indirect) 8. In which layer of the atmosphere is most of the water vapor found? ________________________Troposphere ANSWER KEY Page 5 Part 1: Prologue & Earth’s Dimensions Altitude of Polaris The diagram below shows an observer viewing the star Polaris. 1. What is the latitude of the observer? _______________________________________________43°N _ 2. State the name of one city in New York State where this observer could be located. ___________ ______________________________________________________________________________Syracuse, Utica, Buffalo, Niagara Falls, Rochester 3. Can you see Polaris in the Southern Hemisphere? ____________________________________No! _ 4. What is the zenith? __________________________Point directly overhead__________________________________ (90˚ above an observer) 5. Where on Earth would you be located if Polaris was found at the zenith? __________________90˚N (North Pole) 6. Describe the relationship between latitude and the altitude of Polaris. ______________________ ______________________________________________________________________________As latitude increases, the altitude of Polaris increases. 7. If you travel from directly from Binghamton, NY to Jamestown, NY, what happens to the altitude of Polaris? Explain your answer. ______________________________________________________Altitude of Polaris remains the same because ______________________________________________________________________________Binghamton & Jamestown are at the same latitude. 8. The diagram below shows the positions of constellations in the night sky as viewed by a group of students. a. Circle Polaris on the diagram. b. Which compass direction were these students facing? __________________________North Page 6 ANSWER KEY Part 1: Prologue & Earth’s Dimensions Latitude & Longitude The world map below has points A through G and points 1 and 2 labeled. 1. Determine the latitude and longitude of the following points (include unit and direction): a. Point B: 35°N,_______________________ 115°W c. Point D: _______________________10˚S, 40˚W b. Point C: _______________________25°S, 70°W d. Point G: _______________________45°S, 75°E 2. Determine the point nearest the latitude and longitude coordinates given: a. 30˚N, 15˚W: ____________________Point E c. 55˚N, 170˚W: ___________________Point A b. 67˚S, 65˚E: _____________________Point H d. 55˚N, 83˚E: ____________________Point F 3. What is the name of the 0˚ latitude line? ______________________________________________Equator 4. What is the name of the 0˚ longitude line? ____________________________________________Prime Meridian 5. How many degrees of longitude separate each time zone? ____15°___________________________ 6. As you go east, time will _______________________.increase. 35°N, 115°W 7. As you go west, time will _______________________.get less. 8. If it is 7:00 am at Point 1, what time is it at point 2? _______________________11 a.m. 9. If the altitude of Polaris of an observer is 42˚, what it the observer’s latitude? _________________42°N 10. If your latitude is 25˚N, what is the altitude of Polaris? ____________25° _______________________ 11. What is the altitude of Polaris if your latitude is 41˚S? ____________Can’t see Polaris____________ in S. Hemisphere___________ ANSWER KEY Page 7 Part 1: Prologue & Earth’s Dimensions Isolines Base your answers to the questions below on the temperature field map below. The map shows temperature readings (°C) recorded by students in a science classroom. The readings were taken at the same time at floor level. Temperature readings for points A and B are labeled on the map. 1. On the temperature field map, use solid lines to draw the 18°C, 20°C, and 22°C isotherms. Isotherms must extend