Dædalus Journal of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences Spring 2021 Immigration, Nativism & Race in the United States Douglas S. Massey, guest editor with Zoltan Hajnal · Michael Hout Christopher Maggio · Christopher Sebastian Parker Ellis P. Monk, Jr. · Cecilia Menjívar César Cuauhtémoc García Hernández Mary C. Waters · Philip Kasinitz Roberto G. Gonzales · Stephen P. Ruszczyk Stephanie L. Canizales · Jody Agius Vallejo Yajaira Ceciliano-Navarro · Tanya Maria Golash-Boza Jennifer Lee · Richard Alba Dædalus Journal of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences “Immigration, Nativism & Race in the United States” Volume 150, Number 2; Spring 2021 Douglas S. Massey, Guest Editor Phyllis S. Bendell, Managing Editor and Director of Publications Peter Walton, Associate Editor Heather M. Struntz, Assistant Editor Committee on Studies and Publications John Mark Hansen, Chair; Rosina Bierbaum, Johanna Drucker, Gerald Early, Carol Gluck, Linda Greenhouse, John Hildebrand, Philip Khoury, Arthur Kleinman, Sara Lawrence-Lightfoot, Alan I. Leshner, Rose McDermott, Michael S. McPherson, Frances McCall Rosenbluth, Scott D. Sagan, Nancy C. Andrews (ex officio), David W. Oxtoby (ex officio), Diane P. Wood (ex officio) Inside front cover: Looking Backward. They Would Close to the New-Comer the Bridge That Carried Them and Their Fathers Over (1893) by Joseph Ferdinand Keppler (1838–1894). Chromolithograph, first published in Puck magazine. Held at the Billy Ireland Cartoon Library and Museum at The Ohio State University. Contents 5 The Bipartisan Origins of White Nationalism Douglas S. Massey 23 Immigration & the Origins of White Backlash Zoltan Hajnal 40 Immigration, Race & Political Polarization Michael Hout & Christopher Maggio 56 Status Threat: Moving the Right Further to the Right? Christopher Sebastian Parker 76 The Unceasing Significance of Colorism: Skin Tone Stratification in the United States Ellis P. Monk, Jr. 91 The Racialization of “Illegality” Cecilia Menjívar 106 Criminalizing Migration César Cuauhtémoc García Hernández 120 Race, Legal Status & Social Mobility Mary C. Waters & Philip Kasinitz 135 The Legal Status Divide among the Children of Immigrants Roberto G. Gonzales & Stephen P. Ruszczyk 150 Latinos & Racism in the Trump Era Stephanie L. Canizales & Jody Agius Vallejo 165 “Trauma Makes You Grow Up Quicker”: The Financial & Emotional Burdens of Deportation & Incarceration Yajaira Ceciliano-Navarro & Tanya Maria Golash-Boza 180 Asian Americans, Affirmative Action & the Rise in Anti-Asian Hate Jennifer Lee 199 The Surge of Young Americans from Minority-White Mixed Families & Its Significance for the Future Richard Alba Dædalus Journal of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences Design for the hedge maze is by Johan Vredeman de Vries, from Hortorum viridariorumque elegantes & multiplices formae: ad architectonicae artis normam affabre delineatae (Cologne, 1615). Dædalus was founded in 1955 and established as a quarterly in 1958. The journal’s namesake was renowned in ancient Greece as an inventor, scientist, and unriddler of riddles. Its emblem, a maze seen from above, symbolizes the aspiration of its founders to “lift each of us above his cell in the labyrinth of learning in order that he may see the entire structure as if from above, where each separate part loses its comfortable separateness.” The American Academy of Arts & Sciences, like its journal, brings together distinguished individuals from every field of human endeavor. It was chartered in 1780 as a forum “to cultivate every art and science which may tend to advance the interest, honour, dignity, and happiness of a free, independent, and virtuous people.” Now in its third century, the Academy, with its more than five thousand members, continues to provide intellectual leadership to meet the critical chal- lenges facing our world. Dædalus Spring 2021 Issued as Volume 150, Number 2 © 2021 by the American Academy of Arts & Sciences. Editorial offices: Dædalus, American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 136 Irving Street, Cambridge MA 02138. Phone: 617 576 5085. 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The typeface is Cycles, designed by Sumner Stone at the Stone Type Foundry of Guinda CA. Each size of Cycles has been sep arately designed in the tradition of metal types. The Bipartisan Origins of White Nationalism Douglas S. Massey Dysfunctional immigration and border policies implemented in recent decades have accelerated growth of the Latino population and racialized its members around the trope of illegality. Since the 1960s, Republicans have cultivated White fears and re- sentments toward African Americans, and over time these efforts broadened to tar- get Hispanics as well. Until 2016, this cultivation relied on a dog whistle politics of racially coded symbolic language, but with the election of Donald Trump as presi- dent, White nationalist sentiments became explicit and White nationalism emerged as an ideological pillar of the Republican Party. This volume confirms this political transformation, describing its features and documenting its consequences. In this essay, I describe the unwise U.S. immigration and border policies that were steadily promulgated and expanded over the decades by Democrats as well as Republicans, inevitably leading to the current racist and nativist moment. I close by offering a way forward by granting legal status to those who currently lack it, while simulta- neously dismantling the nation’s formidable machinery of immigration and border enforcement. n 2016, Donald Trump was elected president of the United States on a wave of White nationalist sentiment that he deliberately fomented and would I relentlessly cultivate during his time in office. As the essays in this issue of Dædalus make clear, America’s current racist and xenophobic moment was a long time coming. It did not begin with Trump. It followed decades in which one of the nation’s two major political parties deliberately incited White racial fears and resentments for purposes of political gain. Beginning with Richard Nixon’s “Southern strategy” in 1968 and continuing through Ronald Reagan’s evocation of the “welfare queen” stereotype in 1980, George H. W. Bush’s airing of the Wil- lie Horton ad in 1988, and George W. Bush’s 2001 appointment of a neo-Confed- erate as Attorney General, Republicans developed and deployed a “dog whistle” politics of symbolic appeals to racial fears and biases.1 Trump simply threw away the whistle. Although Republican fearmongering and race-baiting initially focused on Af- rican Americans, over time it broadened to include the nation’s growing Hispanic © 2021 by the American Academy of Arts & Sciences Published under a Creative Commons Attribution- 5 NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) license https://doi.org/10.1162/DAED_a_01843 The Bipartisan Origins of White Nationalism population. In the process, the Mexican-U.S. border was militarized and trans- formed into a potent symbol of ethnoracial exclusion.2 The framing of the border as a line of defense against alien invaders dates to 1976, when the commissioner of the Immigration and Naturalization Service (a former Marine Corps general and Nixon appointee) published an article in Reader’s Digest alleging that a “silent in- vasion of illegal aliens” was threatening the nation and that a budget increase for his agency was “desperately needed to help us bring the illegal alien threat under control.”3 With the election of Jimmy Carter later that year, however, Chapman’s plea remained unfulfilled until 1986, when Ronald Reagan signed the Immigration Reform and Control Act. The great irony is that the resulting militarization of the border did not curtail the unauthorized entry